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PVS > Parasitology: Ectoparasites > Flashcards

Parasitology: Ectoparasites Flashcards

1
Q

Define eradication

A

Implies the disease or pest is to be eliminated and will not return, eg smallpox
Eradication is difficult and expensive, and is rarely an objective

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2
Q

Define parasite control

A

Reduction of parasite load or vector population –> reduce transmission.
Objective is to reduce the disease/pest to a level which is acceptable

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3
Q

Most ectoparasiticides act as neurotoxins that act on CNS synapses, axons or neuromuscular junctions, what does this cause?

A

spastic or flaccid paralysis

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4
Q

What are the risks of using neurotoxins for parasite control?

A

insects and mammals have many neurotransmitters in common –> toxicity risks (to animal and humans)

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5
Q

How do organophosphates work?

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors eg. Fenthion

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6
Q

How do carbamates work?

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors eg. propoxur, carbaryl, fenoxycarb

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7
Q

How do triazepentadienes (formamidines) work?

A

Octopamine receptor stimulant

eg. amitraz

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8
Q

How do phenylpyrrazoles work?

A

GABA inhibitor eg. fipronil, pyriprole

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9
Q

How do neonicatinoids work?

A

Insect nicotinic Ach receptor stimulant eg. Imidacloprid, Nitenpyram, Dinotefuran

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10
Q

How do pyrethrins work?

A

Na channel activator eg. dichlorvos, fenitrothion

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11
Q

How do pyrethroids work?

A

Na channel activator eg. Permethrin, cypermethrin, flumethrin

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12
Q

How do semicarbazones work?

A

Na channel blocker eg. indoxacarb

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13
Q

How do macrocyclic lactones work?

What are the two subgroups?

A

Cl channel blockers

Avermectins: ivermectin,selamectin, doramectin

Milbemeycins: milbemycin, moxidectin, oxime

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14
Q

How do isoxazolines work?

A

GABA and cl channel inhibitor eg. afoxolaner, flurolaner, sarolaner, lotilaner

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15
Q

How do spinosyns work?

A

Nicotinic Ach receptor stimulant and GABA agonist eg. spinosad

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16
Q

What do Insect growth regulators do?

A

All with no adulticidal properties
Effective in interrupting environmental stages of flea life cycle but slow to act (eg 60-90 days for lufenuron) –> Often used with adulticides

17
Q

What are the types of IGR?

A

Juvenile growth hormone analogues: S-methoprene, pyrlproxyfen, dicyclanil, fenoxycarb

Chitin synthesis inhibitors: Lufenuron
Triazine derivatives: Cyromazine

18
Q

What products contain juvenile growth hormone analogues?

A

Collars, spot ons and house sprays

19
Q

What products contain juvenile growth hormone analogues?

A

Collars, spot ons and house sprays

20
Q

What can we use to repel ectoparasites?

A

Pyrethrins/pyrethroids

Diethyltoluamide (DEET)

21
Q

What can we use to desiccant ectoparasites?

A

sodium polyborate - carpet powders

22
Q

What can we add to antiparasitics to synergise?

A

Piperonyl butoxide - inhibits the insects detoxification pathways
Use esp. with pyrethrins

23
Q

What are the pros and cons of spot-ons?

A

Good compliance
But concern:
» Human toxicity immediately after application, esp children
» Ingestion of product (including by other pet) – NB esp collies/herding breeds with macrocyclic lactones
» Occasional skin lesions at site of application
» Wetting/bathing may compromise action, especially if not absorbed systemically
» ?Concentration gradient with distance from site of application if not absorbed systemically

24
Q

What are the pros and cons of sips and sprays?

A

Care re operator exposure
Care re appropriate storage and disposal
» Dips: ideally pesticide binds to skin/hair, leaving residual wash depleted of chemical

25
Q

What does the Deltamethrin Collar protect against?

A

sandflies, mosquitoes, ticks

26
Q

What does the imadicloprid/flumethrin collar protect against?

A

fleas, ticks

27
Q

What are the cons/considerations with using collars?

A

» Remove during swimming/washing to avoid depletion of drug from collar +/- contamination of aquatic life– but insecticidal activity may take 1-2 days to re-establish
» Occasional contact irritation
» Care to prevent animal chewing/swallowing collar
» Use immediately once opened

28
Q

What are the quickest acting anti-parasitics?

A

Nitenpyram – very rapid onset (95-100% kill in 6 hours) but short action

Spinosad and izoxazolines – very rapid onset, last 1-3 months –> very effective

29
Q

What are the contraindications of pyrethroids?

A

Pyrethroids/Permethrin
» Some cats highly sensitive, even to small amount of permethrin spot-on products à neurotoxicity. Care to avoid contact with dog spot-ons

30
Q

What are the contraindications of Macrocyclic lactones, especially ivermectin?

A

Multi-drug resistance gene (MDR1) encodes for P-glycoprotein, responsible for pumping drugs out of the CNS. In dogs with MDR1 mutation, drug crosses blood brain barrier –> neurologic signs/death.

Especially collies/herding breeds.
Always stay within label use for these breeds, and use off label with caution in others

31
Q

What are the contraindications of fipronil?

A

Reports of fatalities in rabbits – do not use

32
Q

What are the contraindications of spinosad?

A

Contraindicated in dogs with epilepsy

33
Q

What are the contraindications of Advocate (moxidectin/imidacloprid) ?

A

Contraindicated with any other macrocyclic lactone (eg Milbemax (milbemycin/praziquantel endoparasiticide))

34
Q

What are the contraindications of Amitraz?

A

Should not be applied by people taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (antidepressants) or with diabetes mellitus
Never use concurrently with alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (eg medetomidine)

35
Q

What is modelling and forecasting used for?

A

To help predict seasonal patterns of particular ectoparasites
Help vets/farmers to Integrate chemical/non-chemical control techniques and use ectoparsiticides prophylactically

36
Q

What are the ideal conditions for fleas?

A

Ideal conditions 25’C and 75% RH
» <3’C will kill eggs and pupae
» >38’C and <33% RH is lethal to larvae

37
Q

What physical control can we employ for fleas?

A

Washing pet blankets, rugs, and pet carriers to remove flea eggs and larvae >60C
Hoover crevices in sofas and chairs, and areas beneath sofas or beds where flea eggs/faeces may drop from the pet and accumulate.

38
Q

Pupa is unaffected by all treatments (‘pupal window’), so how long can it take to eradicate fleas?

A

up to 3 months

39
Q

How do flea treatments work?

A

May act topically by dispersing on the skin and hair coat, eg imidacloprid, fipronil or they may act following systemic absorption and redistribution to the skin, eg lufenuron (oral), selamectin/moxidectin (topical)

PVS (43 decks)

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