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ENT > Pathology & Physiology > Flashcards

Pathology & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which gland produces ear wax

A

Ceruminous

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2
Q

Where is Schneiderian epithelium located?

A

Nose

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3
Q

Which epithelium covers the throat

A

Respiratory & squamous depending upon site

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4
Q

The salivary glands are exocrine/endcorine?

A

Exocrine (duct)

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5
Q

Otitis media is usually viral or bacterial

A

Viral

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6
Q

T/F: Cholesteatoma is a tumour.

A

False - not a tumour and no cholesterol

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7
Q

Cholesteatoma is often preceded by which condition

A

Chronic otitis media

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8
Q

What kind of epithelium is present in cholesteatoma?

A

Stratified squamous

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9
Q

What is the normal epithelium of the middle ear?

A

Cuboidal/ columnar epithelium

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10
Q

Vestibular schwannoma normally presents where

A

Temporal bone (at the vestibular portion of CN VII)

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11
Q

If the patient is young, vestibular schwannoma can be associated with which genetic condition?

A

NF2

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12
Q

Nasal polyps can be caused by NSAID, T/F?

A

True

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13
Q

If nasal polyps are present in the young, which diagnosis must be considered?

A

CF

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14
Q

T/F: Polyps are painful.

A

False

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15
Q

cANCA positive is likely what

A

GPA

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16
Q

pANCA positive is likely what

A

EGPA

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17
Q

Multinucleate giant cells is buzz-word for what

A

GPA

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18
Q

Most common malignant tumour in ENT

A

SCC

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19
Q

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma has a strong association with what virus?

A

EBV

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20
Q

EBV encodes what protein

A

EBNA-2 (activates cyclin D)

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21
Q

Laryngeal polyps are commonly a reactive change to what?

A

Vocal stress, infection and singing

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22
Q

What condition can develop on the vocal cords in response to voice abuse?

A

Contact ulcer

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23
Q

Squamous papilloma of the throat is associated with what HPV strains?

A

HPV 6 and 11

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24
Q

Koliocytosis is pathognomonic for what infection

A

HPV

25
Q

Paragangliomas often result from which genetic condition

A

MEN2

26
Q

HPV cancer serotypes

A

16 and 18

27
Q

HPV blocks which rpoteins?

A

p53 and RB

28
Q

Sialolithiasis is what

A

Stone in salivary duct

29
Q

Parotid enlargement virus

A

Mumps

30
Q

Which feature in parotid enlargement would draw suspicion of malignancy/

A

Pain

31
Q

Gustation is what

A

Sense of taste

32
Q

Taste receptor cells last how long

A

10 days

33
Q

T/F: Taste buds are present only in the tongue.

A

False - also in palate, epiglottis and pharynx

34
Q

Anterior 2/3rd of tongue taste is supplied b which CN

A

CN VII

35
Q

Posterior 1/3rd of tongue taste is supplied by which nerve?

A

CN IX

36
Q

Which tongue papillae does NOT contain taste buds: filliform, fungiform, vallate, foliate?

A

Filliform (also the most common)

37
Q

Taste to areas other than the tongue is supplied by which nerve?

A

CN X

38
Q

What are the 5 primary tastes?

A

Salty (sodium chloride), sour (hydrogen ions), sweet (glucose), bitter (alkaloids) and umami (savoury - glutamate)

39
Q

Aguesia is what

A

Loss of taste

40
Q

Dysguesia is what

A

Distortion of taste function

41
Q

Olfactory receptors last along how long?

A

2 months

42
Q

Taste sensation goes to which brain lobe

A

Temporal

43
Q

What is the “outermost” layer of cells in the olfactory mucosa?

A

Cilia (odoarants bind here)

44
Q

The external ear has what function

A

Receiver

45
Q

The tympanic membrane: OW ratio is what

A

18:1

46
Q

How much pressure is gained in the middle ear?

A

x22

47
Q

The cartilaginous portion of the eustachian tube is opened by which muscles?

A

Tensor veli palatani (CN V3) & levator palatine muscles

48
Q

What are the two windows of the inner ear? Where doe sound enter/exit?

A

Oval window - enter

Round window - exit

49
Q

Which fluid is “outside” in the oval window?

A

Perilymph

50
Q

The cochlea has how many turns?

A

2 and 1/2

51
Q

Oscillopsia occurs when there is no what?

A

Vestibular input into the balance

52
Q

How many vestibular end organs are there?

A

5 (macula of utricle & saccule and the ampulla of the lateral, posterior and superior semi-circular canals)

53
Q

What are the otolith organs

A

Utricle & saccule

54
Q

Semi-circular canals are arranged at what degrees to each other?

A

90

55
Q

Red flags for head and neck cancer

A

> 3 week history of sore throat, hoarse voice, stridor, unilateral ear pain.

56
Q

The majority of head and neck cancers are what type

A

Squamous cancer

57
Q

Major risk factors in head & neck cancer (2)

A

Alcohol & tobacco

58
Q

When is palliative care sought?

A

During treatment (including curative treatment) and following treatment

ENT (7 decks)

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