Pathology & Physiology Flashcards
Which gland produces ear wax
Ceruminous
Where is Schneiderian epithelium located?
Nose
Which epithelium covers the throat
Respiratory & squamous depending upon site
The salivary glands are exocrine/endcorine?
Exocrine (duct)
Otitis media is usually viral or bacterial
Viral
T/F: Cholesteatoma is a tumour.
False - not a tumour and no cholesterol
Cholesteatoma is often preceded by which condition
Chronic otitis media
What kind of epithelium is present in cholesteatoma?
Stratified squamous
What is the normal epithelium of the middle ear?
Cuboidal/ columnar epithelium
Vestibular schwannoma normally presents where
Temporal bone (at the vestibular portion of CN VII)
If the patient is young, vestibular schwannoma can be associated with which genetic condition?
NF2
Nasal polyps can be caused by NSAID, T/F?
True
If nasal polyps are present in the young, which diagnosis must be considered?
CF
T/F: Polyps are painful.
False
cANCA positive is likely what
GPA
pANCA positive is likely what
EGPA
Multinucleate giant cells is buzz-word for what
GPA
Most common malignant tumour in ENT
SCC
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma has a strong association with what virus?
EBV
EBV encodes what protein
EBNA-2 (activates cyclin D)
Laryngeal polyps are commonly a reactive change to what?
Vocal stress, infection and singing
What condition can develop on the vocal cords in response to voice abuse?
Contact ulcer
Squamous papilloma of the throat is associated with what HPV strains?
HPV 6 and 11
Koliocytosis is pathognomonic for what infection
HPV
Paragangliomas often result from which genetic condition
MEN2
HPV cancer serotypes
16 and 18
HPV blocks which rpoteins?
p53 and RB
Sialolithiasis is what
Stone in salivary duct
Parotid enlargement virus
Mumps
Which feature in parotid enlargement would draw suspicion of malignancy/
Pain
Gustation is what
Sense of taste
Taste receptor cells last how long
10 days
T/F: Taste buds are present only in the tongue.
False - also in palate, epiglottis and pharynx
Anterior 2/3rd of tongue taste is supplied b which CN
CN VII
Posterior 1/3rd of tongue taste is supplied by which nerve?
CN IX
Which tongue papillae does NOT contain taste buds: filliform, fungiform, vallate, foliate?
Filliform (also the most common)
Taste to areas other than the tongue is supplied by which nerve?
CN X
What are the 5 primary tastes?
Salty (sodium chloride), sour (hydrogen ions), sweet (glucose), bitter (alkaloids) and umami (savoury - glutamate)
Aguesia is what
Loss of taste
Dysguesia is what
Distortion of taste function
Olfactory receptors last along how long?
2 months
Taste sensation goes to which brain lobe
Temporal
What is the “outermost” layer of cells in the olfactory mucosa?
Cilia (odoarants bind here)
The external ear has what function
Receiver
The tympanic membrane: OW ratio is what
18:1
How much pressure is gained in the middle ear?
x22
The cartilaginous portion of the eustachian tube is opened by which muscles?
Tensor veli palatani (CN V3) & levator palatine muscles
What are the two windows of the inner ear? Where doe sound enter/exit?
Oval window - enter
Round window - exit
Which fluid is “outside” in the oval window?
Perilymph
The cochlea has how many turns?
2 and 1/2
Oscillopsia occurs when there is no what?
Vestibular input into the balance
How many vestibular end organs are there?
5 (macula of utricle & saccule and the ampulla of the lateral, posterior and superior semi-circular canals)
What are the otolith organs
Utricle & saccule
Semi-circular canals are arranged at what degrees to each other?
90
Red flags for head and neck cancer
> 3 week history of sore throat, hoarse voice, stridor, unilateral ear pain.
The majority of head and neck cancers are what type
Squamous cancer
Major risk factors in head & neck cancer (2)
Alcohol & tobacco
When is palliative care sought?
During treatment (including curative treatment) and following treatment
