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ENT > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Complications of sore throat (4)

A

1) Otitis media
2) Quinsy
3) Abscess
4) Mastoiditis

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2
Q

What is Lemierre’s Syndrome?

A

Infection of posterior compartment of pharyngeal space with jugular vein involvement

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3
Q

T/F: Throat swabs are routine in general practice for sore throat.

A

False - isolation yield is poor and most are viral

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4
Q

What are the Centor criteria (4)

A

1) Tonsilar exudate
2) Tender anterior cervical nodes
3) History of fever
4) Absence of cough

Higher = more likely to be bacterial

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5
Q

How should viral sore throat initially be managed (no red flags)

A

Fluid intake, hot drinks, warm-salty water mouthwash

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6
Q

Most common bacterial cause of sore throat

A

S. pyogenes (Group A beta haemolytic strep)

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7
Q

A patient has a Centor criteria of 4, how should they be treated?

A

Penicillin

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8
Q

What infection controls need to be taken in confirmed S. pyogenes throat infections?

A

SICPs, contact and droplet

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9
Q

S. pyogenes Gram stain.

Haemolysis pattern

A

Gram positive cocci in chains

Beta haemolytic

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10
Q

Complications of strep throat

A

Rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis

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11
Q

A patient comes in with a severe sore throat and a grey-white pseudomembrane across the pharynx. Spot diagnosis?

A

C. diptherhiae infection

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12
Q

C. diphtheriae produces exotoxin/ endotoxin?

A

Exotoxin (very cardio and neurotoxic)

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13
Q

The diptherhia vaccine is what type?

A

Toxoid

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14
Q

How is diphtheria treated?

A

Antitoxin + penicillin or erythromycin

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15
Q

A patient comes in with sore throat and white patches on their mouth/throat, which have become red and raw, spot diagnosis?

A

Thrush (C. albicans)

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16
Q

How is oral thrush treated?

A

Nystatin

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17
Q

AOM is a common secondary infection to what

A

URTI

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18
Q

AOM is commonly due to what organism type?

A

Virus

19
Q

Most common bacteria isolated from AOM?

A

S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, S. pyogenes.

20
Q

Can swabs be taken in AOM?

A

Yes, if the ear-drum has ruptured and there is discharge.

21
Q

When should AOM be given antibiotics?

A

If infection >4 days, or if they are systemically unwell.

22
Q

What antibiotics should be given in AOM?

A

Amoxicillin (1st)

Erythromycin (2nd)

23
Q

When should antibiotics be given in acute sinusitis?

A

If infection >10 days

24
Q

What is the first and second line antibiotic for acute sinusitis?

A

Penicillin V

2nd line is doxycycline (but NOT in children)

25
Q

Potential complication of AOE?

A

Malignant otitis (extension into bone surrounding the ear canal, e.g. mastoid and temporal bones). A fatal condition.

26
Q

Most common otitis externa bacterial isolates? (2)

A

S. aureus, P. aeruginosa

27
Q

Common fungal causes of otitis externa?

A

Aspergillus niger, C. albicans

28
Q

How is otitis externa managed, first-line?

A

Topical aural toilet, acetic acid drops

29
Q

Mono is caused by what

A

EBV

30
Q

How is mono diagnosed?

A

Atypical lymphocytes in film + IgM EBV test

31
Q

Spot diagnosis: Patient with lymphadenopathy, palatal petichae?

A

IM

32
Q

Splenic rupture can result from what infection?

A

EBV

33
Q

EBV belongs to which viral family?

A

Herpes

34
Q

T/F: Primary infection with EBV in youth (<10) commonly leads to IM symptoms

A

False - often only causes symptoms in those >10 years old

35
Q

How is EBV treated?

A

Bed rest, paracetamol, avoid sport.

NOT antivirals

36
Q

Which HSV type causes oral lesions?

A

HSV1

37
Q

How is primary gingiviostomatitis treated?

A

Aciclovir

38
Q

T/F: Aciclovir eliminates HSV1.

A

False

39
Q

How should HSV be diagnosed?

A

Swab lesion, send in viral medium for PCR

40
Q

Potential serious complication of HSV?

A

Herpes Simplex Encephalitis

41
Q

Hand, Foot and Mouth is caused by which family of viruses?

A

Coxsackie. Diagnosed with PCR.

42
Q

Chancre is buzzword for what

A

Primary syphilis (T. pallidum)

43
Q

How is genital syphilis treated?

A

Benzylpenicillin

ENT (7 decks)

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