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ENT > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Nasal cartilage is what type of cartilage

A

Hyaline

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2
Q

What are structures A & B?

A

A = Inferior nasal concha

B = Vomer

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3
Q

What makes the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Cribiform plate of ethmoid

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4
Q

Label the structures

A

A: Crista galli

B: Superior concha

C: Middle concha

D: Orbital plate

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5
Q

What makes up the septum?

A

Perpindicular plate of ethmoid + vomer

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6
Q

Which LeFort fractures can disrupt the cribiform plate of the ethmoid?

A

II & III

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7
Q

Label the structures of the nasal cavity. Which wall of the (right) nasal cavity is this?

A

Lateral wall.

A = Nasal bone

B: Palatine bone

C: Superior concha

D: Middle concha

E: Inferior concha

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8
Q

What side of the nasal cavity is this? Label the structures

A

Medial wall

A: Perpindicular plate of ethmoid

B: Vomer

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9
Q

What types of mucosa are present at 1, 2 and 3?

A

1 = Keratinised squamous

2 = Respiratory

3 = olfactory

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10
Q

Where does CN I pass through into the nose?

A

Cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

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11
Q

CN I enters the brain at which lobe?

A

Temporal lobe

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12
Q

Which nerves are responsible for sensation in the areas A + B?

A

A = CN V1

B = CN V2

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13
Q

Label the arteries

A

A: Internal carotid

B: External carotid

C: Facial

D: Maxillary

E: Ophthalmic

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14
Q

Which 3 main arteries contribute to the nasal blood supply?

A

Ophthalmic (ethmoidal), maxillary (sphenopalatine) and facial (greater palatine)

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15
Q

Where is Little’s Area?

A

Nasal septum

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16
Q

The superior/ middle concha are part of what bone

A

Ethmoid

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17
Q

How should an NG tube be confirmed placed correctly?

A

CXR.

Tip of NG tube visible, 10cm beyond GOJ, below diaphragm.

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18
Q

Describe the sinuses & how many of each there are

A

1) Frontal bone with 2
2) 2 maxillae each with 2 sets
3) Sphenoidal with 2
4) Ethmoid 2 sets of ethmoidal air cells

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19
Q

Where does the frontal sinus drain?

A

Middle meatus

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20
Q

Where do the ethmoidal air cells drain into?

A

Superior and middle meatus

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21
Q

Where does the sphenoidal sinus drain to?

A

Spheno-ethmoidal recess

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22
Q

Where does the maxillary sinus drain to?

A

Middle meatus

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23
Q

Where does the lacrimal fluid drain to?

A

Inferior meatus

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24
Q

Which CN is responsible for sensing sinusitis pain?

A

CN V1 and V2 (can be referred to teeth)

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25
Q

Which sinus is most predisposed to infection?

A

Maxillary

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26
Q

Why might maxillary sinusitis present with toothache?

A

Shared innervation by CN V of the maxillary sinus & upper/ lower dental arches.

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27
Q

Which specific part of CN V innervates the sinuses?

A

CN V2 is maxillary

All others are CN V1

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28
Q

Which bone contaisn the hearings of organ and balance?

A

Temporal bone

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29
Q

The pterion is the squamous/ petrous part of the temporal bone?

A

Squamous

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30
Q

Label the base of skull features

A

A: Zygomatic process of the temporal bone

B: Styloid process

C: Stylomastoid foramen

D: Mastoid process

E: Palatine bone

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31
Q

Label the foramens

A

A: Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

B: Optic canal

C: Foramen rotundum

D: Foramen ovale

E: Carotid canal

F: Internal Acoustic Meatus

G: Jugular foramen

H: Hypoglossal

(not labelled is superior orbital fissure)

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32
Q

What is the external ear?

A

Auricle to tympanic membrane (extrernal acoustic meatus)

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33
Q

What is the middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane to the oval window

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34
Q

What is the inner ear

A

Oval window to internal acoustic meatus

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35
Q

Label the nerves

A

A: Facial

B: CN V3

C: CN X

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36
Q

Where does the ear-lobe drain to (lymphatics)?

A

Superficial cervical lymph nodes

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37
Q

The external ear is mostly cartilage/ bone?

A

The superficial 1/3 cartilage, deep 2/3rd bone (petrous part)

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38
Q

Which glands produce earwax?

A

Ceruminous

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39
Q

Label this otoscopy

A

A: Umbo

B: Pars tensa

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40
Q

How should the EAM be straightened in an adult?

A

Pull posterior and superiorly

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41
Q

How should the EAM be straightened in a child?

A

Posterior and inferiorly

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42
Q

Which CN supplies the tympanic membrane?

A

CN V3

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43
Q

What CN supplies the middle-ear?

A

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)

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44
Q

Which nerve innervates the eustachian tube/ tonsils?

A

CN IX

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45
Q

The joints of the ossicles are what type of joint

A

Synovial

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46
Q

Label these structures of the middle ear

A

A: Malleus

B: Incus

C: Stapes

D: Footplate of the stapes

E: Hammer of the malleus

F: Eustachian tube

47
Q

The eustachian tube connects the middle ear to where

A

Nasopharynx

48
Q

What CN supplies the nasopharynx/ oropharynx?

A

CN IX

49
Q

Which CN supplies the larynopharynx?

A

CN X

50
Q

Why does tonsilitis mimic earache?

A

Both are supplied by CN IX (glossopharyngeal).

51
Q

Which nerve passes through the middle ear cavity?

A

CN VII (through the internal acoustic meatus)

52
Q

Which nerve supplies the stapes muscle?

A

Facial

53
Q

Label the parts of the middle ear

A

A: Aditus

B: Prominence formed by the LATERAL semicircular canal of the ear

C: Facial nerve (not labelled is the internal acoustic meatus)

D: Prominence formed by the cochlea

E: Stylomastoid process

F: Tympanic membrane (inner)

54
Q

Where does the CNS enter the brain?

A

Brainstem (junction between pons and medulla)

55
Q

Taste sensation of the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue is supplied by which nerve?

A

Chord typmani (branch of CN VII)

56
Q

CN VII exits at the petrous/ squamous part of the temporal bone?

A

Petrous

57
Q

Chord tympani is a branch of which nerve, specifically what part?

A

CN V3

58
Q

Which nerve exits foramen ovale?

A

CN V3

59
Q

Which nerve supplies secretomotor innervation to the salivary glands (sublingual)?

A

CN VII

60
Q

The otic capsule resides within which bone

A

Temporal bone

61
Q

What’s the “outer” layer of fluid in the bony labyrinth?

A

Perilymph

62
Q

What fluid is suspended within the otic capsule?

A

Endolymph

63
Q

Label the otic capsule

A

A: Cupula (of cochlea)

B: Oval window

C: Round window

D: Anterior canal

E: Lateral canal

F: Posterior canal

64
Q

Where do CN VII and VIII combine?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

65
Q

Loss of general sensation of auricle, just posterior to the tragus, is likely to be what

A

CN VII (mandibular division)

66
Q

Is the parotid gland normally palpable?

A

No

67
Q

Which gland is normally palpable?

A

Submandibular

68
Q

Which salivary duct pierces the buccinator?

A

Parotid

69
Q

Which salivary duct opens in the sublingual papilla?

A

Submandibular duct

70
Q

Where does the parotid duct insert into the mouth?

A

Buccal mucosa

71
Q

The parotid gland is superficial/ deep to the masseter?

A

Superficial

72
Q

Which CN supplies the sublingual salivary gland?

A

CN VII (parasympathetic)

73
Q

The parotid gland is innervated by which CN?

A

CN IX

74
Q

Which CN supplies general sensation of the anterior 2/3rd of tongue?

A

CN V3

75
Q

Which CN supplies taste information on the anterior 2/3rd of tongue?

A

CN VII

76
Q

Which CN supplies general AND taste information from the posterior 1/3rd of tongue?

A

CN IX

77
Q

Pyramidal lobe of thyroid most often comes from what lobe?

A

Right

78
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the tongue

A

Palatoglossus

Stylogossus

Hyoglossus

Genioglussus

79
Q

Where does CN XII exit the skull?

A

Hypoglossal canal

80
Q

If there is damage to one of the CN XII’s, where will the tongue point?

A

TOWARD the side of the injured nerve

81
Q

Which artery supplies the tongue? What is this a branch of?

A

Lingual artery

External carotid artery

82
Q

The skeletal muscles of the soft palate are all supplied by which CN?

A

CN X (vagus)

EXCEPT tensor veli palatini which is CN V3

83
Q

How can CN X and CN V3 be tested?

A

Ask patient to open and say “aaah”

84
Q

Which CN innervates palatopharyngeus & salpingopharyngeus?

A

CN X

85
Q

Which CN innervates stylopharyngeus?

A

CN IX

86
Q

Where do the palatine tonsils lymph drain to?

A

Jugulo-digastric node

87
Q

The superficial cervical nodes are placed along which structure?

A

External jugular vein

88
Q

The deep cervical nodes are placed along which structure?

A

Internal jugular vein

89
Q

Label these tongue muscles

A

A: Genioglossus

B: Hypoglossus

C: Styloglossus

D: Palatoglossus

90
Q

Label these tongue structures

A

A: Hypoglossal nerve

B: External carotid

C: Lingual artery

91
Q

Pretracheal fascia includes what

A

Strap muscles, thyroid gland, oesophagus and larynx, trachea, recurrent laryngeal nerves

92
Q

The larynx is located between which vertebral levels?

A

C4-C6

93
Q

Should the mastoid process be palpable normally?

A

Yes

94
Q

Should the transverse process of all the cervical vertebrae be palpable?

A

Yes (NOT spinous process - C7 is first one)

95
Q

Label the larynx cartilages

A

A: Hyoid bone

B: Epiglottis

C: Laryngeal prominence

D: Cricoid cartilage

E: 1st tracheal ring

F: Cricothyroid joint

G: Inferior horn of the thyroid

H: Superior horn of thyroid cartilage

I: Thyrohoid membrane

96
Q

Label these structurs of the deeper larynx

A

A: Epiglottis

B: Arytenoid

C: Vocal process of arytenoid

D: Muscular process of arytenoid

97
Q

Pushing against the cricoid cartilage will press it against what structure? What will this ensure?

A

Will push oesophagus against the C6 vertebral body, ensuring the oesophagus is closed and the trachea is open

98
Q

Label the features of the larynx

A

A: False vocal cord

B: True vocal cord

C: Infra-glottic cavity

D: Laryngeal ventricle

E: Laryngel vestibule

99
Q

Where do the false vocal cords connect?

A

Arytenoid cartilage to the epiglottis

100
Q

Label this laryngoscopy

A

A: False vocal cord

B: True vocal cord

C: Rima glottidis

D: Epiglottis

101
Q

All the larynx muscles are innervated by which CN?

A

CN X

102
Q

Tension of the vocal cords produces what effect on sound?

A

Increased pitch

103
Q

Relaxation of the vocal cords produces what effect on sound?

A

Decreased pitch

104
Q

Adduction of the vocal cords produces what effect on sound?

A

Quiet speech

105
Q

Abduction of the vocal cords produces what effect on sound?

A

Loud sound

106
Q

The cricothyroid muscles do what

A

Tense the larynx (increase pitch)

107
Q

The thyroarteynoid muscles of the larynx do what

A

Relax vocal cords - decrease pich

108
Q

The lateral crico-thyroid muscles have what effect on voice/ vocal cords?

A

Adducts cords / makes voice quieter

109
Q

The arytenoid muscles of the larynx have what effect on vocal cords/ sound?

A

Adductors - make voice quieter

110
Q

What are the larynx abductor muscles?

A

Posterior thyroid muscles (make voice louder)

111
Q

Supra-glottic tumours will drain to which lymph nodes

A

Superior DEEP cervical nodes

112
Q

Sub-glottic tumours will drain to which nodes?

A

Paratracheal nodes

113
Q

T/F: Glottic/ vocal cord tumours tend to metastaise.

A

False - tend to stay on cords.

114
Q

Which nerve supplies all intrinsic larynx muscles EXCEPT cricothyroid?

A

Inferior laryngeal nerve

(cricothyroid is external laryngeal nerve)

ENT (7 decks)

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