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B&L Exam 2 > Pathology Overview-Parsa > Flashcards

Pathology Overview-Parsa Flashcards

1
Q

What are some causes of vessel wall abnormalities (aka nonthrombocytopenic purpuras)?

A
  1. Many infections
  2. Drug runs
  3. Henoch-Schonlein purpura (immune)
  4. Scurvy & Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
  5. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
  6. Perivascular amyloidosis
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2
Q

What are some causes of Thrombocytopenia?

A
  1. Decreased platelet production (anemia, leukemia)
  2. Decreased platelet survival (immunological, DIC, TTP)
  3. Sequestration (splenomegaly)
  4. Dilutional (following blood transfusion)
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3
Q

ITP

A

Auto-immune thrombocytopenia

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4
Q

What do you see in the smear of DIC?

A

Schistocytes

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5
Q

What are some causes of bleeding disorders related to defective platelet functions?

A
  1. Defects of adhesion (Von Willebrand Disease & Bernard-Soulier Syndrome)
  2. Defects of aggregation (Glanzmann Thrombasthenia)
  3. Disorders of platelet secretion (TxA2 synthesis)
  4. Urea (decreased TxA2 leads to increased platelets)
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6
Q

What are some causes of abnormalities of clotting factors?

A
  1. Acquired deficiencies (Vit K def, DIC)

2. Common hereditary deficiencies (Hem A, B & vWD)

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7
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Decreased WBC count either from decreased production or increased destruction

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8
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

A reactive increase in WBC count either from normal physiologic stress (exercise) or infection

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9
Q

What is leukemia?

A

A neoplastic increase in WBC count

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10
Q

What is seen on the smear of infectious leukocytosis?

A

Dohle bodies

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11
Q

Which disorders are myeloproliferative?

A
  1. AML
  2. Chronic myeloproliferative disorders/neoplasia
  3. MDS
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12
Q

Which disorders are lymphoproliferative?

A
  1. ALL
  2. CLL
  3. Lymphoma
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13
Q

What are the two forms of the blast phase of CML?

A
  1. AML (2/3 of cases)

2. ALL (pre-B lymphoid; 1/3 of cases)

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14
Q

What do you expect to see in a blood smear and bone marrow biopsy in a pt w/primary myelofibrosis?

A

Teardrop cells in blood smear and extensive fibrosis in bone marrow biopsy

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15
Q

Describe the blood smear, bone marrow biopsy and mutation present in a pt w/primary thrombocythemia.

A

Atypical platelets in smear
Increased atypical neoplastic megakaryocytic in biopsy
50% have JAK2 mutation

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16
Q

What is LAP and in what diseases is it usually decreased?

A

Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase; decreased in leukemias

17
Q

What is AML?

A

Aggressive tumors comprised of immature myeloid lineage blasts, which replace the marrow and suppress normal hematopoiesis
Associated with diverse acquired mutations that lead to expression of abnormal transcription factors, which interfere with myeloid differentiation

18
Q

What causes petechiae?

A

Thrombocytopenia

19
Q

Which subsets of AML have Auer rods?

A

M2 & M3

20
Q

What is a chloroma?

A

Aka granulocytic sarcoma or leukemia cutis; rare destructive neoplastic granulocytic masses

21
Q

What would you see in pts w/AML M5

A

Blood smear with mono blasts and promonocytes and lesions in skin and gingiva

22
Q

What are the important points about MDS?

A
  1. Pts are elderly
  2. Presence of cytopenias
  3. Prsence of oval macrocytes, pseudo-pelger-huet, increased eosinophils & basophils
23
Q

How are MDS different from MPS?

A

Don’t have specific mutations (like BCR-ABL & Jak2 in MPS)

24
Q

Loss of which chromosome is a good prognostic marker for MDS?

A

5

25
Q

Loss of which chromosome is a poor prognostic marker for MDS?

A

7

26
Q

From what type of cells do CLL/SLL arise from?

A

Naive B-cells

27
Q

What Sxs and smear components are indicative of CLL/SLL?

A

> 50 years old, male, fatigue, LYMPHADENOPATHY, smear shows smudge cells

28
Q

What is the Tx for CLL?

A

Nothing; let old people die

29
Q

T-cell ALL pattern

A

More likely to present in adolescents as a mediastinal mass

30
Q

B-cell ALL pattern

A

More likely to present in children as leukemia; CD10+ CD19+ CD22+

31
Q

What mutation and biopsy pattern are characteristic of Burkitt’s Lymphoma?

A

c-myc t8:14 mutation; start sky pattern in biopsy (cells with fragmented apoptotic bodies scattered around)

32
Q

Marginal zone lymphoma

A

Almost treatable; see marginal zone in inter follicular zone

33
Q

Hodgkin classification

A

Classical (see classical Reed-Sternberg cells) and Lymphocyte Predominance (see Reed-Sternberg variant lacunar cells)

34
Q

What is the most important difference b/n Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

Hodgkin is localized; Non are more generalized

35
Q

What is the testing done for multiple myeloma?

A

Immunofixation

B&L Exam 2 (8 decks)

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