Pathology of the GI Tract- Liver and Gallbladder (8)

Question 1

what is the most common anomaly of the gallbladder?

Answer 1

a phrygian cap- the fundus is folded inward

Question 2

pigmented gallstones are most common in what setting?

Answer 2

the setting of bacterial infections or parasitic infestations of the biliary tree

Question 3

which organisms commonly cause pigmented stones?

Answer 3

Clinorchis sinensis, ascaris lumbricoides, and E. coli

Question 4

what is an empyema?

Answer 4

pockets of pus

Question 5

what happens when a large stone erodes directly into an adjacent loop of small bowel?

Answer 5

you get gallstone ileus or Bouveret syndrome

Question 6

acute acalculous cholecystitis is thought to result from what?

Answer 6

ischemia (the cystic artery)

Question 7

what happens if there is ischemia due to blockage of the cystic artery?

Answer 7

gangrene

Question 8

what is the most common malignancy of the extrahepatic biliary tract?

Answer 8

carcinoma of the gallbladder

Question 9

what is the most important risk factor for gallbladder cancer (besides gender and ethnicity)?

Answer 9

gallstones

Question 10

what produces sterile peritonitis?

Answer 10

leakage of bile or pancreatic enzymes

Question 11

what is idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis?

Answer 11

bilateral fibroinflammatory process that often surrounds the abdominal aorta and ureters

Question 12

how do you diagnose idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis?

Answer 12

radiologic imaging: bilateral impingement on ureters, sometimes associated with hydronephrosis

Question 13

what are the histologic features associated with idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis?

Answer 13

dense fibrosis and variably prominent chronic inflammation, composed predominantly of small lymphocytes

Question 14

what are the primary malignant tumors of the peritoneum?

Answer 14

mesotheliomas

Question 15

what are the most common secondary tumors of the peritoneum?

Answer 15

peritoneal carcinomatosis