Pathology of the GI Tract- Liver and Gallbladder (2) Flashcards
what are the extrahepatic manifestations associated with hepatitis A?
rash, arthralgia, and immune complex mediated complications like leukocytoclastis vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, and cryoglobulinemia
where is the highest prevalence of HBV?
africa, asia, and the western pacific rim
the mode of transmission of HBV also varies with geographic areas. In high prevalence regions of the world, what is the transmission of HBV most likely?
transmission during childbirth
the mode of transmission of HBV also varies with geographic areas. In areas with intermediate prevalence, what is the transmission of HBV most likely?
horizontal transmission
the mode of transmission of HBV also varies with geographic areas. In areas with low prevalence, what is the transmission of HBV most likely?
unprotected sex and intravenous drug abuse
what is the best predictor of chronicity of hepatitis B?
age at time of infection
what are individuals who acquire HBV at birth and who subsequently develop chronic hepatitis at risk for?
at risk for developing hepatocellular carcinoma
what is the most common cause of chronic viral hepatitis?
hepatitis C
what is the hallmark of HCV?
persistent infection and chronic hepatitis
What is associated with progression of HCV?
older age, male, alcohol use, HBV/HIV coinfection, and diseases associated with insulin resistance
those who develop cirrhosis in HCV are at risk for what?
hepatocellular carcinoma
the inability of the host immune response to eliminate HCV is related to what?
rapid emergence of genetic variants both within the population and within infected individuals
where is the highest prevalence of HDV?
amazon basin, central Africa, the middle east, and the mediterranean basin
where is HEV infection common?
india
who is at risk of death due to HEV?
pregnant women
when might chronic HEV infection occur?
in the setting of immunosuppression, such as in those with AIDS and in transplant recipients
what is the hallmark of chronic hepatitis?
increased portal chronic inflammation
what is the hallmark of progressive chronic liver damage?
scarring
what is the defining histologic feature of chronic viral hepatitis?
portal lymphocytic, or lymphoplasmacytic, inflammation with fibrosis
what is the characteristic morphological feature of chronic hepatitis B?
the swollen endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes–> “ground-glass” appearance
what is a characteristic morphological feature of chronic hepatitis C?
it typically shows prominent lymphoid aggregates or fully formed lymphoid follicles in the portal tracts (fatty change)
