Pathology of the GI Tract- Liver and Gallbladder (2) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the extrahepatic manifestations associated with hepatitis A?

A

rash, arthralgia, and immune complex mediated complications like leukocytoclastis vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, and cryoglobulinemia

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2
Q

where is the highest prevalence of HBV?

A

africa, asia, and the western pacific rim

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3
Q

the mode of transmission of HBV also varies with geographic areas. In high prevalence regions of the world, what is the transmission of HBV most likely?

A

transmission during childbirth

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4
Q

the mode of transmission of HBV also varies with geographic areas. In areas with intermediate prevalence, what is the transmission of HBV most likely?

A

horizontal transmission

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5
Q

the mode of transmission of HBV also varies with geographic areas. In areas with low prevalence, what is the transmission of HBV most likely?

A

unprotected sex and intravenous drug abuse

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6
Q

what is the best predictor of chronicity of hepatitis B?

A

age at time of infection

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7
Q

what are individuals who acquire HBV at birth and who subsequently develop chronic hepatitis at risk for?

A

at risk for developing hepatocellular carcinoma

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8
Q

what is the most common cause of chronic viral hepatitis?

A

hepatitis C

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9
Q

what is the hallmark of HCV?

A

persistent infection and chronic hepatitis

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10
Q

What is associated with progression of HCV?

A

older age, male, alcohol use, HBV/HIV coinfection, and diseases associated with insulin resistance

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11
Q

those who develop cirrhosis in HCV are at risk for what?

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

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12
Q

the inability of the host immune response to eliminate HCV is related to what?

A

rapid emergence of genetic variants both within the population and within infected individuals

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13
Q

where is the highest prevalence of HDV?

A

amazon basin, central Africa, the middle east, and the mediterranean basin

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14
Q

where is HEV infection common?

A

india

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15
Q

who is at risk of death due to HEV?

A

pregnant women

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16
Q

when might chronic HEV infection occur?

A

in the setting of immunosuppression, such as in those with AIDS and in transplant recipients

17
Q

what is the hallmark of chronic hepatitis?

A

increased portal chronic inflammation

18
Q

what is the hallmark of progressive chronic liver damage?

A

scarring

19
Q

what is the defining histologic feature of chronic viral hepatitis?

A

portal lymphocytic, or lymphoplasmacytic, inflammation with fibrosis

20
Q

what is the characteristic morphological feature of chronic hepatitis B?

A

the swollen endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes–> “ground-glass” appearance

21
Q

what is a characteristic morphological feature of chronic hepatitis C?

A

it typically shows prominent lymphoid aggregates or fully formed lymphoid follicles in the portal tracts (fatty change)