Pathology of Respiratory

Question 1

What symptom must be present for someone to have asthma?

Answer 1

Wheezing

Question 2

If a patient doesn’t have wheezing what is definitely not the diagnosis?

Answer 2

Asthma

Question 3

Does asthma have a definition?

Answer 3

No

Question 4

Is asthma variable or non-variable?

Answer 4

Very variable

Question 5

In children is asthma more predominant in girls or boys?

Answer 5

Boys

Question 6

In adults is asthma more predominant in males of females?

Answer 6

Females

Question 7

How many causative hits does asthma require?

Answer 7

Several

Question 8

Give examples of hits that can lead to asthma?

Answer 8

Genes
Abnormal lungs
Early onset atopy
Later exposures (virus, exercise, smoking)

Question 9

What is the best way to diagnose a child with asthma?

Answer 9

A history

Question 10

When taking a family history for asthma who should be asked about?

Answer 10

Parents

Question 11

Is there any asthma test for children?

Answer 11

No

Question 12

Why is an examination not very useful in the diagnosis of asthma?

Answer 12

Because asthma is episodic

Person is unlikely to be going through episode at the time of the examination

Question 13

Out of every 4 positive allergy tests how many children are then asthmatic?

Answer 13

1

Question 14

Why is coughing not a very relevant for asthma diagnosis?

Answer 14

Because whilst coughing is a sign of asthma

EVERYONE coughs

Question 15

Is asthma obstructive or restrictive?

Answer 15

Obstructive

Question 16

After asking if a child wheezes what is best to then identify?

Answer 16

If it is genuine wheezing

Question 17

When is shortness of breath a bad sign?

Answer 17

When it occurs at rest

Question 18

What antibody type is atopy referring to?

Answer 18

IgE

Question 19

If the patient responds to asthma treatment are they likely to have asthma?

Answer 19

Yes

Question 20

What sounds could be mistaken for wheezing?

Answer 20

Rattle

Stertor

Question 21

What is the risk of treating a child with suspected bacterial bronchitis?

Answer 21

Them experiencing diarrhoea

Question 22

What is the only problem that will induce a colour change and why?

Answer 22

Pertussis

Burst blood vessels from coughing

Question 23

How do you confirm a diagnosis for asthma?

Answer 23

Trial them on ICS

Inhaled steroid treatment

Question 24

Is there a lower age limit for diagnosing asthma?

Answer 24

No

Question 25

Is there a test for diagnosing asthma in children?

Answer 25

No

Question 26

What is COPD characterised by?

Answer 26

Airflow obstuction

Question 27

Does COPD change markedly overall several months?

Answer 27

No

Question 28

What does C in COPD stand for?

Answer 28

Chronic

Question 29

What is asthma?

Answer 29

Airway inflammation mediated by the immune system

Question 30

What mediates the airway inflammation in asthma?

Answer 30

Immune system

Question 31

Is the airway narrowing in asthma spontaneous or brought on by stimuli?

Answer 31

Can be either

Question 32

What is emphysema?

Answer 32

The destruction of the alveoli leading to a loss of elasticity

Question 33

Is asthma more common in boys or girls?

Answer 33

Boys

Question 34

Is asthma moe common in women or men?

Answer 34

Women

Question 35

What is the prevalence of asthma in children?

Answer 35

10-15%

Question 36

What is the prevalence of asthma in adults?

Answer 36

5-10%

Question 37

What factors can lead to asthma?

Answer 37

``` Atopy Smoking (maternal and grandmother effect) Certain genes Airway development genes Occupation ```

Question 38

When does wheezing occur?

Answer 38

When the airways are narrowed

Question 39

Is the lung function in asthma fixed?

Answer 39

Yes

Question 40

Is it common to wheeze?

Answer 40

Yes | During coughs, cold or similar viral infections

Question 41

With wheezing what are you trying to differentiate?

Answer 41

If the wheeze is caused by asthma | Or as a result of other causes of airway obstruction

Question 42

In asthma are the airways always obstructed?

Answer 42

No - comes in period

Question 43

What is bronchospasm?

Answer 43

When the smooth muscle of the airways contract - narrowing them

Question 44

What percent of children grow out of asthma?

Answer 44

2 out of 3

Question 45

As you age does lung function increase or decrease?

Answer 45

Decreases

Question 46

What is bronchiectasis?

Answer 46

Abnormal widening of one or more airways

Question 47

In the abnormal airways in bronchiectasis what extra is made?

Answer 47

Extra mucus | Making it prone to infection

Question 48

Why is asthma so important?

Answer 48

Because so many people have it

Question 49

Give some examples of possible risk factors of asthma

Answer 49

Obesity Diet Reduced exposure to microbes Indoor pollution

Question 50

What are the main symptoms of asthma?

Answer 50

``` WHEEZING Shortness of breath (dyspnoea) Chest tightness Cough (usually dry) Sputum ```

Question 51

What is the usual character of a cough in asthma?

Answer 51

Dry

Question 52

What is dyspnoea?

Answer 52

Shortness of breath

Question 53

How many people die from lung cancer each year in the UK?

Answer 53

35000

Question 54

What is the 5 year survival rate of lung cancer?

Answer 54

8%

Question 55

Is the global incidence of lung caner rising or descending?

Answer 55

Rising

Question 56

What is the biggest contributor to lung cancer?

Answer 56

Smoking

Question 57

What is the most common cause of lung cancer?

Answer 57

Smoking

Question 58

Does stopping smoker help your risk with lung cancer?

Answer 58

The risk will decline

Question 59

Give example of genes mutations that increase the risk of lung cancer

Answer 59

KRAs EGFR BRAF HER2

Question 60

To develop cancer is one mutation needed?

Answer 60

No several | Multiple hit hypothesis

Question 61

What are some of the symptoms of lung cancer?

Answer 61

``` Cough Haemoptysis Chest pain Breathlessness Weight loss Wheeze Swollen face/neck Finger clubbing ```

Question 62

What is a sign of lung cancer tht can be seen on the hands?

Answer 62

Finger clubbing

Question 63

What is haemoptysis?

Answer 63

Coughing up blood

Question 64

What are some of the metastatic symptoms of lung cancer?

Answer 64

Bone pain Headaches Neurologica fits Jaundice

Question 65

What are the two types of tumours?

Answer 65

Benign | Malignant

Question 66

What is the most aggressive form of lung cancer?

Answer 66

Small cell carcinoma

Question 67

What are the characteristics of small cell carcinoma?

Answer 67

Large tumours Quick growing Often metastasis before diagnosis

Question 68

What are some of the other contributors to lung cancer?

Answer 68

Environmental radon Air pollution and urban life Asbestos exposure

Question 69

With smoking and cancer what is the degree of risk related to?

Answer 69

To the volume of consumption

Question 70

Give examples of lower respiratory tract infections

Answer 70

Bronchitis Bronchiolitis Pneumonia

Question 71

What is the function of the macrophage-mucociliary escalator system?

Answer 71

To keep bad stuff out Act like a filter Sweep pathogens out

Question 72

Is the lower respiratory tract sterile?

Answer 72

Normally yes