Pathology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) Flashcards

1
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

the accumulation of fatty material (cholesterol) forming an atheroma or plaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does an atheroma form?

A

Beneath the endothelium (inner lining) of the artery wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what happens when an atheroma grows?

A

The artery thickens and loses its elasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does an atheroma do to the diameter of the lumen of an artery?

A

Reduces the diameter, which restricts blood flow and results in increased blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is atherosclerosis the root causes of and give examples

A

Various Cardiovascular diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give examples of cardiovascular diseases

A

Angina, heart attack, stroke and peripheral vascular disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens if an atheroma ruptures?

A

Damage to the endothelium which causes the release of clotting factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does clotting factors cause the enzyme prothrombin to be converted into?

A

Its active form thrombin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does thrombin cause molecules of the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen to form?

A

Threads of insoluble fibrin protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does fibrin threads form?

A

Meshwork that platelets adhere to, forming a blood clot, which seals a wound that provides a scaffold for the formation of scar tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is thrombosis a formation of?

A

A blood clot (thrombus) in a vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What can thrombosis in a coronary artery lead to ?

A

Myocardial infarction (MI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What can thrombosis in an artery in the brain lead to?

A

A stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does thrombosis result in?

A

death of some tissue by the blocked artery as the cells are deprived of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does peripheral vascular disorders include?

A

Narrowing of arteries due to atherosclerosis of arteries that is not the heart or brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can blood clots result in?

A

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism

17
Q

Where is pain experienced during DVT

A

leg muscles due to a limited supply of oxygen

18
Q

what is a pulmonary embolism caused by?

A

Part of a thrombus breaking free and travelling through the bloodstream to the pulmonary artery
It causes a blockage, resulting in chest pain and breathing difficulties

19
Q

What is cholesterol a component of?

A

Cell membranes and a precursor for steroid synthesis

20
Q

What is most cholesterol synthesised by?

A

The liver from saturated fats in the diet

21
Q

What do lipoproteins contain?

A

Lipid and protein

22
Q

What does HDL stand for

A

High density lipoprotein

23
Q

What does HDL transport?

A

Excess cholesterol from the body cells to the liver for elimination and os prevents the accumulation of cholesterol in the blood

24
Q

What does HDL transport?

A

cholesterol to body cells

25
What do LDL receptors do?
Take LDL into the cells, where it releases cholesterol
26
What happens when a cell has sufficient cholesterol
Negative feedback system inhibits the synthesis of new LDL receptors and so LDL circulates in the blood where it may deposit the cholesterol in the arteries, forming atheromas
27
What does a higher ratio of HDL to LDL result in?
Lower blood cholesterol and a reduced chance of atherosclerosis
28
How to lower cholesterol level
Activity raises HDL levels Dietary changes aim to reduce the levels of fat Drugs such as stains reduce blood cholesterol by inhibiting the synthesis of cholesterol by liver cells