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Unit 2 Biology > Hormonal control of reproduction > Flashcards

Hormonal control of reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What does ICSH stand for?

A

Interstitial cell stimulating hormone

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2
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands

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3
Q

Where are hormones directly released?

A

Into the bloodstream and travel to their target tissue or organ where they have their effect

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4
Q

What do hormones control?

A

The onset of puberty, sperm production and the menstrual cycle

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5
Q

At puberty what does the hypothalamus in the brain secret?

A

A releaser hormone that targets the pituitary gland

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6
Q

What is the pituitary gland stimulated to release?

A

One hormone called the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and a second hormone called luteinising hormone (LH) in women and interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) in men. By a releaser hormone produced in the hypothalamus. This triggers the onset of puberty.

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7
Q

In males what does FSH promote?

A

Sperm production in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

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8
Q

In males what does ICSH stimulate?

A

The interstitial cells in the testes to produce the male sex hormone called testosterone

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9
Q

What does testosterone stimulate?

A

Sperm production in the seminiferous tubules and also activates the prostate gland and the seminal vesicles to produce their fluid secretions

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10
Q

What happens if there is an overproduction of testosterone

A

Negative feedback mechanism controls FSH and LCSH

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11
Q

What does high levels of testosterone inhibit?

A

The secretion of FSH and LCSH from the pituitary gland, resulting in a decrease in the production of testosterone by the interstitial cells

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12
Q

What do seminiferous tubules unite to form?

A

Coiled tubes that connect to the sperm duct-free swimming sperm leave the testes in the sperm duct

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13
Q

what does semen contain?

A

Sperm and the fluid from the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland

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14
Q

what does seminal vesicles secrete?

A

A liquid rich in fructose to provide energy for sperm motility

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15
Q

What does the seminal vesicles liquid contain?

A

Hormone like compounds that stimulate contraction of the female reproductive tract

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16
Q

What does contractions of the seminal vesicles do?

A

Help the sperm reach the oviduct (where fertilisation takes place) quicker than ‘swimming’ alone

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17
Q

What does the prostate gland secrete?

A

Lubricating liquid containing enzymes of a thin consistency for the sperm to swim through the oviduct

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18
Q

what do the enzymes of the prostate gland do?

A

Maintain the fluid at optimum viscosity for sperm motility

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19
Q

Just before ovulation what do the cells lining the female cervox secret?

A

Watery mucus

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20
Q

What can the watery mucus do?

A

Be easily penetrated by sperm

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21
Q

What does GRH stimulate ?

A

The pituitary gland

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22
Q

What is produced at puberty

A

Gonad Releasing hormones (GRH)

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23
Q

What hormone is produced from the pituitary gland?

A

FSH/LH (ICSH)

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24
Q

After interstitial cells produces testosterone what does is help to do?

A

Helps FSH to produce sperm

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25
Q

What happens if there isn’t a constant concentration of testosterone?

A

The pituitary monitors this to then make ICSH increase or decrease testosterone production

26
Q

When is the hypothalamus stimulated?

A

When it produces GRH

27
Q

When are males fertile?

A

All the time

28
Q

Where are interstitial cells found ?

A

Surrounding the sperm producing tubules of the testes

29
Q

How are sperm formed?

A

from germline cells in tiny tubes called seminiferous tubules

30
Q

How many days does the menstrual cycle take?

A

Approximately 28 days with the first day of menstruation regarded as day one of the cycle

31
Q

What pituitary hormones are associated with the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH and LH and the ovarian hormones oestrogen and progesterone

32
Q

What happens in the follicular phase (first half of the cycle)

A

FSH stimulates the development and maturation of a follicle surrounding the ovum and the production of the sex hormone oestrogen by the follicle

33
Q

What does oestrogen stimulate?

A

The repair and vascularisation of the endometrium, thickening it and preparing it for the implant

34
Q

What does high levels of oestrogen stimulate?

A

The secretion of LH by the pituitary gland

35
Q

What happens in the luteal phase (second stage of the cycle)

A

A surge in LH triggers ovulation and then stimulates the development of the the corpus luteum from the follicle which secretes progesterone

36
Q

What does LH also stimulate?

A

The corpus luteum to secrete the sex hormone progesterone

37
Q

What does progesterone promote?

A

Further development and vascularisation of the endometrium, preparing it for the implantation of a blastocyst, if fertilisation occurs

38
Q

What does high levels of oestrogen and progesterone inhibit?

A

The secretion of FSH and LH by the pituitary gland, which prevents further follicles from developing

39
Q

What does oestrogen do to the cervical mucus?

A

It thins the cervical mucus making it more easily penetrated by sperm

40
Q

What does a peak level of oestrogen stimulate?

A

A surge in the secretion of LH

41
Q

What does the surge in LH trigger?

A

It triggers ovulation

42
Q

What is ovulation?

A

The release of an egg (ovum) from a follicle in the ovary

43
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

Around mid-point of the menstrual cycle

44
Q

What happens when there’s a lack of LH?

A

A degeneration of the corpus luteum with a subsequent drop in progesterone levels leading to menstruation

45
Q

Give an account of gamete production in the testes

A

Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules
Gametes are formed from germline cells
Germline cells are formed in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
Germline cells divide by mitosis then meiosis to produce sperm
Testosterone stimulates sperm production in the seminiferous tubules

46
Q

Give the location of fertilisation in the female reproductive system

A

Oviduct

47
Q

Where is FSH produced in the body?

A

The pituitary gland

48
Q

How is the concentration of testosterone in the blood prevented from becoming too high?

A

As testosterone production increase negative feedback to the pituitary inhibits ICSH production
Testosterone concentration decrease and ICSH production increases when testosterone drops

49
Q

What indicates ovulation is likely to occur

A

Cervical mucus becomes watery and body temperature rises

50
Q

What is an ovum surrounded by as it develops in the ovary

A

A follicle

51
Q

When there’s a peak of oestrogen what starts to increase

A

progesterone

52
Q

Describe the role of the secretion from the seminal vesicles

A

Produce fructose for energy
Enzymes to thin mucus
chemicals to produce contractions of oviduct

53
Q

state an effect of oestrogen on the pituitary gland

A

stimulates LH production

54
Q

Explain why the rise of ovarian hormones in the blood has a contraceptive effect

A

Ovarian hormones will inhibit FSH production and so no follicles containing ovules will develop

55
Q

what day does ovulation occur?

A

Just after a peak of LH which stimulates ovulation

56
Q

State one function of progesterone during early pregnancy?

A

Vascularisation of the endometrium

57
Q

Describe two ways that the pituitary gland stimulates sperm production in the seminiferous tubules

A

FSH stimulates sperm production

ICSH stimulates testosterone production. Testosterone then stimulates sperm production

58
Q

What effect does oestrogen have on the uterus between days 4 and 12

A

proliferation of endometrium

59
Q

What effect does oestrogen have on the pituitary gland on day 12

A

stimulates LH production

60
Q

How does FSH affect the structure of the follicle

A

Stimulates follicle development

61
Q

How does lH affect the structure of the corpus luteum

A

Stimulates progesterone production

Unit 2 Biology (8 decks)

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