Pathology (Medicine) Flashcards by Simardeep Hehar

Hepatitis B serology testing involves four specific markers to determine a patient’s infection or immunity status.
HBsAg
Anti-HBs
Anti-HBc
IgM anti-HBc
IgG anti-HBc

HBsAg: Indicates infectious hepatitis B virus

Anti-HBs: Indicates immunity to hepatitis B

Anti-HBc: Indicates natural immunity or recovery from HBV

IgM anti-HBc: Indicates acute HBV infection

IgG anti-HBc: Indicates chronic or recovered HBV

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A patient with an acute infection will be positive for?
person in acute phase of Hep B

IgM anti-HBc
Hep B: positive HBsAg and anti-HBc

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A patient with acute hepatitis B infection will have positive serology results

HBsAg, anti-Hbc, IgM anti-HBc.

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Type 1 : what antibodies and example

Type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgE antibodies which cause mast and basophil cell degranulation. These cells release histamine and other vasoactive compounds which are responsible for the acute symptoms of an allergic reaction. Examples include asthma and dermatitis.

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Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction and examples

Type II hypersensitivity reactions are IgM and IgG-mediated and trigger complement activation which leads to cell and tissue damage. Examples include pemphigus and mucous membrane pemphigoid.

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Type 4 hypersensitivity and examples

Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are cell-mediated, where the body’s own CD4 and CD8 T-cells develop strong responses to antigens. Examples include lichen planus and recurrent aphthous stomatitis

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Type 3 hypersensitivity and examples

Type III hypersensitivity reactions are immune complex-mediated. These immune complexes deposit themselves in tissues such as the skin, kidney or joints, as seen in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.

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which one is immune-complex mediated hypersensitivity

type 3, example SLE

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patients will have characteristic red/purple lesions (birthmarks) usually limited to one side of the face.

Sturge-weber angiomatosis
vascular malformations along the distribution of the trigeminal nerves

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Port wine stain

Sturge-weber syndrome

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difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Type I diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disorder that causes β-cell destruction and insulin deficiency.
Type II diabetes mellitus is caused by β-cells dysfunction and is associated with obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and insulin resistance.

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Basal Cell Nevus syndrome is inherited with what pattern

Autosomal dominant

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Crouzon syndrome

Midface hypoplasia, bulging eyes, frontal bossing, hypertelorism, maxillary retrognathism, brachycephaly (short skull AP)

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Does cleidocranial dysplasia have hypodontia or supernumerary teeth?

supernumerary teeth, also delaed /absent of permanent dentition

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Triad of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome

facial paralysis
fissured tongue
granulomatous cheilitis

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Hornor Syndrome

Affects the face and eyes on one side of the body.
1. Ptosis (drooping of upper eyelid)
2. Miosis (constricting of the pupils)
3. Anhidrosis (decreased sweating)

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Btw cleft lip and palate what is treated first and when?

Cleft lip (3-6 months)
then cleft palate (6-12 months)

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1st evidence of tooth development

dental lamina

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dentin and dental pulp arise from

dental papilla

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PDL, cementum and alveolar bone arise from

dental follicle

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Nikolsky sign

pemphigus vulgaris

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which one have conjunctiva of eye? mucous membrane pemphigoid or pemphigus vulgairs

mucous membrane pemphigoid, it can lead to blindness

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HPV is associated with what type of SCC

oropharyngeal

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HPV can cayse many cancers includeing

oropharync, larynx, cervix, penis, anus

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EBV virus related to what type of cancer

nasopharyngeal and Burkitt's lumphoma

Macule

circumscribed, flat less than 10 mm in diameter

patch

circumscribed, flat more than 10 mm in diameter

papule

circumscribed, elevted, solid less than 10 mm in diameter

nodule

circumscribed, elevated, solid more than 10 mm in diameter

Melkersson-rosenthal syndrome

neuro disorder with facial paralysis, granulomatous swelling of the lips and face, and fissured tongue.

Trigeminal neuralgia

chronic neuropathic pain caused by an injury or lesion on the trigeminal nerve. very painful

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is a

rapidly progressive muscle weakness caused by immune-mediated peripheral nervous system inflammation. It involves progressive muscle weakness beginning in the extremities that spreads proximally

metabolic acidosis

Diabetic ketoacidosis results in metabolic acidosis with excell blood glucose. breathing pattern is

this breathing is respiratory compensation to metabolic acidosis

Kussmaul breathing- deep, rapid, and labored.

Metaplasia

reversible transformation of one cell type to another eg: barett's metaplasia in esophagus

dysplasia

disordered cell growth with loss of tissue orientation

HIV "undetectable"

>50 copies/mL

HIV "viral suppression"

less than 200 copies/mL

neurofibromatosis type 1 or Von Recklinghausen’s disease,

1. Cafe au lait 2. Lisch nodules (spots on iris) 3. Crowe's sign (axillary freckles) 4. optic glioma

Allodynia

pain that is provoked from a stimulus that does not normally cause pain.

Cause of burning mouth syndrome

idiopathic burning sensation in mucosa, including tongue

post-herpetic neuralgia

complication of shingles, results in burning pain

TMJ pain due to 2 main bone conditions

1. Rheumatoid arthritis : worse in the morning and patient will have progressive class 2 malocclusion and anterior open bite 2. osteoarthritis: limited stiffness in the morning and worsens throughout the day, at older age

hypopigmentation of skin

vitiligo

Tp53 gene

tumor suppressor gene

essential hypertension

primary hypertension

Bence Jones Protein is associated with

multiple myeloma

symptoms of scralet fever

1. Red rash 2. High fever 3. Sore throat Strawberry tongue (yellow)

Mononucleosis is infectious condition caused by

EBV virus - stimulated salivary flow

Esophageal ulcers caused by

bacterial infection by H. pylori

Hiv patients have everything low except for these cells

Low: CD4+ (directly attacked by virus), platelets, RBC High: CD 8+ = cytotoxic cells induce cell death of virus-infected cells.

HIV patients routnely tests:

1 ALT 2. Alkaline phosphotase 3. Bilirubin

alzeimer affects where in brain

hippocampus

dementia affects where in brain

multiple parts like frotal lobe, and temporal lobe

methotrexate impairs what organ

kidney , so creatine clearance important

what is gout ?

inflammatory arthritis mostly affects joints in the toes, characterized by siddent attacks of sever painm swelling and redness caused by uric accumulation, treated with NSAIDs, corticosteroids and allopurinol

HIV manifestation

Initially: mononucleosis ike symptoms where patinet will have fever, chills, rashes, sore throat, mouth ulcers and swollen lymph nodes for 2-4 weeks if left untreated: can cause kaposi sarcoma manifestation Oral hairy leukoplakia can cause occur Blue sclera in AIDS

Hyperparathyroidism symptoms

painful bones, renal stones abdominal groans, psychic moans weakness kindey stones increase urination depression increase serum calcium, decrease phosphate

symptoms of tuberous sclerosis complex

rare, multi-system genetic disease caused by defects on the TSC1 or TSC2 genes leading to a loss of regulation of a protein called mTOR. benign tumors dispersed throughout the body skin lesions, permanent tooth pitting, and benign tumors

amyloidosis causes what in heart

cardiomyopathy

Too much cortisol what disease

cushing's syndrome overuse of steroid medication , or excessive production of cortisl from adrenal gland or pituitary gland tumor (pituitary adenoma) - weight gain, fatty tissue deposit, moon face and buffalo bump,

obesity leads to what type of cancer in men?

Colorectal (colon)

Central sleep apnea

when there is ineffective comunication between brain and muscles. - encephalitis - spinal cord injury - poliomyelitis (bc it causes death of motor neurons) NOT adenoids