Pathology (Medicine) Flashcards
Hepatitis B serology testing involves four specific markers to determine a patient’s infection or immunity status.
HBsAg
Anti-HBs
Anti-HBc
IgM anti-HBc
IgG anti-HBc
HBsAg: Indicates infectious hepatitis B virus
Anti-HBs: Indicates immunity to hepatitis B
Anti-HBc: Indicates natural immunity or recovery from HBV
IgM anti-HBc: Indicates acute HBV infection
IgG anti-HBc: Indicates chronic or recovered HBV
A patient with an acute infection will be positive for?
person in acute phase of Hep B
IgM anti-HBc
Hep B: positive HBsAg and anti-HBc
A patient with acute hepatitis B infection will have positive serology results
HBsAg, anti-Hbc, IgM anti-HBc.
Type 1 : what antibodies and example
Type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgE antibodies which cause mast and basophil cell degranulation. These cells release histamine and other vasoactive compounds which are responsible for the acute symptoms of an allergic reaction. Examples include asthma and dermatitis.
Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction and examples
Type II hypersensitivity reactions are IgM and IgG-mediated and trigger complement activation which leads to cell and tissue damage. Examples include pemphigus and mucous membrane pemphigoid.
Type 4 hypersensitivity and examples
Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are cell-mediated, where the body’s own CD4 and CD8 T-cells develop strong responses to antigens. Examples include lichen planus and recurrent aphthous stomatitis
Type 3 hypersensitivity and examples
Type III hypersensitivity reactions are immune complex-mediated. These immune complexes deposit themselves in tissues such as the skin, kidney or joints, as seen in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.
which one is immune-complex mediated hypersensitivity
type 3, example SLE
patients will have characteristic red/purple lesions (birthmarks) usually limited to one side of the face.
Sturge-weber angiomatosis
vascular malformations along the distribution of the trigeminal nerves
Port wine stain
Sturge-weber syndrome
difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Type I diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disorder that causes β-cell destruction and insulin deficiency.
Type II diabetes mellitus is caused by β-cells dysfunction and is associated with obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and insulin resistance.
Basal Cell Nevus syndrome is inherited with what pattern
Autosomal dominant
Crouzon syndrome
Midface hypoplasia, bulging eyes, frontal bossing, hypertelorism, maxillary retrognathism, brachycephaly (short skull AP)
Does cleidocranial dysplasia have hypodontia or supernumerary teeth?
supernumerary teeth, also delaed /absent of permanent dentition
Triad of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome
- facial paralysis
- fissured tongue
- granulomatous cheilitis
Hornor Syndrome
Affects the face and eyes on one side of the body.
1. Ptosis (drooping of upper eyelid)
2. Miosis (constricting of the pupils)
3. Anhidrosis (decreased sweating)
Btw cleft lip and palate what is treated first and when?
Cleft lip (3-6 months)
then cleft palate (6-12 months)
1st evidence of tooth development
dental lamina
dentin and dental pulp arise from
dental papilla
PDL, cementum and alveolar bone arise from
dental follicle
Nikolsky sign
pemphigus vulgaris
which one have conjunctiva of eye? mucous membrane pemphigoid or pemphigus vulgairs
mucous membrane pemphigoid, it can lead to blindness
HPV is associated with what type of SCC
oropharyngeal
HPV can cayse many cancers includeing
oropharync, larynx, cervix, penis, anus
EBV virus related to what type of cancer
nasopharyngeal and Burkitt’s lumphoma
Macule
circumscribed, flat less than 10 mm in diameter
patch
circumscribed, flat more than 10 mm in diameter
papule
circumscribed, elevted, solid less than 10 mm in diameter
nodule
circumscribed, elevated, solid more than 10 mm in diameter
Melkersson-rosenthal syndrome
neuro disorder with facial paralysis, granulomatous swelling of the lips and face, and fissured tongue.
Trigeminal neuralgia
chronic neuropathic pain caused by an injury or lesion on the trigeminal nerve.
very painful
Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is a
rapidly progressive muscle weakness caused by immune-mediated peripheral nervous system inflammation. It involves progressive muscle weakness beginning in the extremities that spreads proximally
metabolic acidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis results in metabolic acidosis with excell blood glucose. breathing pattern is
this breathing is respiratory compensation to metabolic acidosis
Kussmaul breathing- deep, rapid, and labored.
Metaplasia
reversible transformation of one cell type to another eg: barett’s metaplasia in esophagus
dysplasia
disordered cell growth with loss of tissue orientation
HIV “undetectable”
> 50 copies/mL
HIV “viral suppression”
less than 200 copies/mL
neurofibromatosis type 1 or Von Recklinghausen’s disease,
- Cafe au lait
- Lisch nodules (spots on iris)
- Crowe’s sign (axillary freckles)
- optic glioma
Allodynia
pain that is provoked from a stimulus that does not normally cause pain.
Cause of burning mouth syndrome
idiopathic
burning sensation in mucosa, including tongue
post-herpetic neuralgia
complication of shingles, results in burning pain
TMJ pain due to 2 main bone conditions
- Rheumatoid arthritis : worse in the morning and patient will have progressive class 2 malocclusion and anterior open bite
- osteoarthritis: limited stiffness in the morning and worsens throughout the day, at older age
hypopigmentation of skin
vitiligo
Tp53 gene
tumor suppressor gene
essential hypertension
primary hypertension
Bence Jones Protein is associated with
multiple myeloma
symptoms of scralet fever
- Red rash
- High fever
- Sore throat
Strawberry tongue (yellow)
Mononucleosis is infectious condition caused by
EBV virus
- stimulated salivary flow
Esophageal ulcers caused by
bacterial infection by H. pylori
Hiv patients have everything low except for these cells
Low:
CD4+ (directly attacked by virus), platelets, RBC
High: CD 8+ = cytotoxic cells induce cell death of virus-infected cells.
HIV patients routnely tests:
1 ALT
2. Alkaline phosphotase
3. Bilirubin
alzeimer affects where in brain
hippocampus
dementia affects where in brain
multiple parts like frotal lobe, and temporal lobe
methotrexate impairs what organ
kidney , so creatine clearance important
what is gout ?
inflammatory arthritis mostly affects joints in the toes, characterized by siddent attacks of sever painm swelling and redness caused by uric accumulation,
treated with NSAIDs, corticosteroids and allopurinol
HIV manifestation
Initially: mononucleosis ike symptoms where patinet will have fever, chills, rashes, sore throat, mouth ulcers and swollen lymph nodes for 2-4 weeks
if left untreated: can cause kaposi sarcoma manifestation
Oral hairy leukoplakia can cause occur
Blue sclera in AIDS
Hyperparathyroidism symptoms
painful bones, renal stones abdominal groans, psychic moans
weakness
kindey stones
increase urination
depression
increase serum calcium, decrease phosphate
symptoms of tuberous sclerosis complex
rare, multi-system genetic disease caused by defects on the TSC1 or TSC2 genes leading to a loss of regulation of a protein called mTOR.
benign tumors dispersed throughout the body
skin lesions, permanent tooth pitting, and benign tumors
amyloidosis causes what in heart
cardiomyopathy
Too much cortisol what disease
cushing’s syndrome
overuse of steroid medication ,
or excessive production of cortisl from adrenal gland or pituitary gland tumor (pituitary adenoma)
- weight gain, fatty tissue deposit, moon face and buffalo bump,
obesity leads to what type of cancer in men?
Colorectal (colon)
Central sleep apnea
when there is ineffective comunication between brain and muscles.
- encephalitis
- spinal cord injury
- poliomyelitis (bc it causes death of motor neurons)
NOT adenoids
