Pathology II Final Exam Material Flashcards
(213 cards)
1
Q
What is the most common CNS tumor?
A
Astrocytoma
2
Q
These large discrete vacuoles in neuronal cells are typical of which neuronal injury?
A
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE)
2
Q
The excessive doming of the skull shown in the image is indicative of:
A
hydrocephalus
3
Q
Meningiomas are most common in what species?
A
Cats
but you can see them in dogs!
4
Q
The most common cause of septic emboli in the dog is:
A
Staphylococcus aureus
4
Q
The three most common causes of septic emboli in cattle are:
A
- _A_ctinomyces pyogenes
- _S_taphylococcus aureus
- _H_istophilus somni
_A_hhhhhh, _S_eptic _H_eifers!
4
Q
Listeria monocytogenes in cattle infects the brainstem by retrograde flow via _________ nerve
A
Trigeminal
(saliva)
4
Q
Which form of Swayback has been reported in adult sheep?
A
Acute delayed swayback
4
Q
What are two possible sequelas of a pituitary tumor?
A
Diabetes insipidus and hyperadrenocorticism (HAC)
- Diabetes insipidus: Pressure on pars nervosa, interference with ADH transport to nervosa
- Hyperadrenocorticism: ACTH-producing chromophobes
5
Q
Secondary demyelination occurs after:
A
damage to the axon
After the axon is damaged, the myelin will begin to disintegrate
5
Q
Concomitant degeneration of the axon and the nerve sheath is termed:
A
Wallerian degeneration
5
Q
What is most common sequela of hemopericardium?
A
Cardiac Tamponade
Extensive hemopericardium can interfere with the dilatation and contraction of the ventricles, causing cardiac tamponade
6
Q
Identify the pigment present in the cytoplasm of these viral-infected neurons
A
lipofuscin
7
Q
T/F: Infectious agents, such as Listeria and Rabies, utilize retrograde axoplasmic flow to reach the central nervous system
A
Yes. These are facts.
8
Q
What is the most consistent gross lesion found in birds affected by Marek’s Disease?
A
Enlargement of Peripheral Nerve Trunks
9
Q
What is the most common type of glaucoma in most species?
A
Secondary glaucoma
Anything that obstructs the pupil or trabecular meshwork can result in glaucoma
10
Q
Circling, head tilt, and facial paralysis associated with listeriosis are due to infection of which nerve?
A
CN VII (Facial Nerve)
11
Q
Severe edema of the conjunctiva is termed:
A
Chemosis
11
Q
Keratomalacia is also known as:
A
“Melting Ulcers”
11
Q
Delayed Swayback coincides with Cu deficiency at the second peak of myelination, ~_____ days after birth
A
~20 days after birth
12
Q
Opisthotonus (star-gazing) is associated with which CNS deficiency disease?
A
Cerebrocortical Necrosis (CCN)
Due to thiamine deficiency (thiamine is critical for carbohydrate metabolism)
13
Q
Is chromatolysis a reversible or irreversible change?
A
Reversible
14
Q
T/F: Canine Distemper has only been reported to affect the respiratory and alimentary tracts
A
False
Canine Distemper affects the respiratory, alimentary, and urinary systems, as well as the skin (hardpad!)
14
Q
There are three forms of Swayback. In which form do we observe acute brain swelling due to cerebral edema?
A
Acute delayed swayback
15
Inflammation of the uvea, retina, and vitreous is termed:
**Endophthalmitis**
16
Which components of the CNS are most sensitive to hypoxia: those of ectodermal origin or those of mesodermal origin?
**Ectodermal origin**
16
Name the parasite that matures in bile ducts, causing **chronic fibrosing cholangitis**
***Fasciola hepatica***
17
How would you diagnose TSE ante-mortem?
**n/a**
*There is no antemortem diagnosis. Suspicion is based on clinical signs or post-mortem exam*
18
T/F: Oligodendrocytes can be destroyed by viruses/toxins, resulting in primary demyelination
**True**
19
What is the most common malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity of cats?
**Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)**
20
Is **acidophilia** a reversible or irreversible change?
****_ir_**reversible**
20
Phagocytosis of neurons by microglia/monocytes is termed:
**Neuronophagia**
*"eating neurons"*
20
In which species is **Moldy Corn Toxicity** most common? What change do you see in the brain?
**Horses; leukoencephalomalacia**
22
Inflammation of the choroid and retina is termed:
**Chorioretinitis**
23
The most common cause of **septic emboli** in the horse is:
***Streptococcus equi***
25
Identify the developmental ocular abnormality shown in the picture:
**ankyloblepharon**
*adhesion of the ciliary edges of the eyelids to each other*
27
If you see cyclopia or synophthalmos in lambs, it is usually a result of ingestion of:
**Veratrum californicum**
28
Water deprivation (**salt poisoning**) is most common in *which species*?
**Pigs**
*It occasionally occurs in ruminants*
29
What is a common sequela to **ventricular septal defect (VSD)** due to force of contraction in the left ventricle pushing into the right ventricle?
**"Jet Lesions"**
A jet lesion is a raised, rough, firm streak of *endocardial fibrosis* resulting from long-term trauma by a jet of blood leaking through the damages valve in the closed position
30
Which paraneoplastic syndrome is commonly associated with **thymoma** in cats?
**Generalized exfoliative dermatitis**
32
What are the two main general causes of **corneal opacity**?
**Corneal edema** and **corneal deposits**
33
What is the function of **astrocytes**?
* **Nutrient transport**
* **Part of the BBB**
* **Antigen presentation**
34
With Cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN), the brain may appear grossly normal. How would you identify the affected areas?
**Wood's lamp**
Affected areas will be yellow-tan colored with autofluorescence under UV light
35
Identify this CNS tumor:
**Choroid plexus tumor**
36
T/F: Necrotizing polioencephalomyelitis/ganglioneuritis is characteristic of Aujeszky's Disease
**True**
38
What are the two types of **astrocytes** and where are they found?
**Protoplasmic** (grey matter) & **Fibrillar** (white matter)
39
Inflammation of the eyelid is termed:
**Blepharitis**
40
There are three forms of **Swayback.** In which form do we observe **wallerian degeneration** of the spinal cord?
**Congenital Swayback**
41
What is the term used for the brain parenchyma?
**Neuropil**
42
When microglial cells mop up myelin, they are called:
**myelophages**
43
There are three forms of **Swayback**. In which form do we observe **chromatolysis of neurons**?
**Delayed Swayback**
44
Which viruses are known to induce congenital lesions?
**BVD** (cattle) & **FPV** (cats)
45
Eosinophils in the perivascular space in the CNS of pigs is pathognomonic for:
**Salt Poisoning**!
47
In which species is **goniodysgenesis **most common?
**Dogs**
It is inherited and fairly common
48
Defective closure of the bony encasement of the spinal cord is termed:
**Spina Bifida**
48
T/F: Typically, the brain is grossly normal in a case of **Listeriosis**
**True**
48
With regard to CNS neoplasia, which is more common:
glial or neuronal?
**Glial more common than neuronal**
48
The skin of the eyelids, snout, and submandibular area of this pig are edematous as a result of production of a toxin by *which bacterial organism*?
***Escherichia coli***
This disease is known as *Edema Disease* or *enterotoxemic colibacillosis,* an infection that is specific for pigs. Bacterial endotoxin (_verotoxin_) causes endothelial cell injury in arterioles, resulting in fluid loss and edema.
One of the more significant changes associated with this disease is *edema of the spiral colon* (pictured below).
49
Along with other lesions of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE), you will see accumulations of:
**disease-associated (resistant) prion proteins (PrPd/PrPsc)**
50
Name the three types of edema:
**cytotoxic, vasogenic, interstitial**
51
Where would you most commonly observe lesions associated with **Louping-ill**?
**brainstem, cerebellum, cord**
52
What sign may an owner see if their horse has Equine Protozoal Encephalomyelitis [EPM]?
**pelvic limb paresis and ataxia**
*Sudden of gradual onset of pelvic limb paresis and ataxia*
54
Inflammation of the ciliary body is termed:
**cyclitis**
55
What is the most common neoplasm in cats?
**Lymphosarcoma**
LSA is the most common neoplasm in cats and the alimentary form of lymphosarcoma has the highest incidence in cats
56
What is the fancy doctor term for **enlargement of the eyeball**?
**Buphthalmia**
58
Name the lesion in the brain of cattle that is associated with ***Histophilus somni*** infection:
**Thrombotic Meningoencephalitis (TME)**
60
What nutritional deficiency will result in dysmyelination/swayback?
**Copper!**
61
Name the toxic condition in lambs and calves associated with *C. perfringens* type D enterotoxemia that is characterized by **acute onset head-pressing, paralysis, and death**
**Focal Symmetrical Encephalomalacia**
62
The most likely cause of renal papillary necrosis in this horse is:
**NSAID toxicity**
NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, decrease production of PGE2, leading to loss of vasodilatory effect on arterioles in the region of the juxtamedullary nephrons. The result is ischemia and eventually papillary necrosis.
63
What is the most likely cause of the corneal opactiy in this image?
**Corneal ulceration**
Notice the green staining localized near the ulcer
65
Softening of the grey matter of the brain is termed:
**polioencephalomalacia**
66
MDx?
**Conjunctivitis**
68
Presence of **blood in the anterior chamber** of the eye is termed:
**Hyphema**
69
T/F: Malacia is a reversible softening of brain tissue
**False**
*Malacia _is_ softening of the brain tissue, but it is _irreversible_*
70
**Equine Motor Neuron Disease** is characterized by degeneration and loss of motor neurons in the ________ horns of the spinal cord
Equine Motor Neuron Disease is characterized by degeneration and loss of motor neurons in the **_ventral_** horns of the spinal cord
71
If you're in the UK, which virus is likely responsible for the **arthrogryposis** shown in the image?
**Schmallenberg Virus**
72
**Cerebellar coning** is considered a hallmark of:
**brain edema**
72
With regard to **meningitis**, which inflammatory cells would you expect to be present in the CSF?
**Neutrophils (monocytes if it is chronic)**
72
The image shows widespread distribution of **prion proteins** in brain tissue. Which disease would this most likely be associated with in **sheep**?
**Scrapie**
73
Which portion of the brain is affected with **Aujeszky's Disease**?
**Cerebral Cortex**
74
This proliferative ileitis in a pig is caused by:
***Lawsonia intracellularis***
76
Identify the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy affecting this sheep:
**Scrapie**
78
Ingestion of ___________ can cause an acquired form of mannosidosis as the plant contains potent inhibitors of α-mannosidase
**Locoweeds (*Astragalus* & *Oxytropis*)**
80
Softening of the white matter of the brain is termed:
**leukoencephalomalacia**
81
When there is exudate settling in the anterior chamber, what is the most appropriate morphologic diagnosis?
**Anterior uveitis**
82
What are the three primary pathogens associated with conjunctivitis in the cat?
* **Herpesvirus (FHV-1)**
* **Chlamydophila felis**
* **Mycoplasma felis**
83
What is the most likely cause of corneal edema in this example?
**Ulceration**
84
Identify the ocular abnormality shown in the picture:
**corneal dermoid**
85
Identify the developmental ocular abnormality shown in the picture:
**distichia**
*A distichia is an eyelash that arises from an abnormal location on the eyelid or grows in an abnormal direction*
86
Histologically, what are some characteristics of **Aujeszky's Disease**?
**Neuronophagia, intranuclear inclusions, cuffing/gliosis**
88
The corneal edema is the result of immune complex deposition in the corneal endothelium. What viral infection is this condition typically associated with?
**Infectious Canine Hepatitis**
***Canine Adenovirus 1 (CAV-1)***
90
**Equine recurrent uveitis** is the result of a hypersensitivity to a previous systemic infection, specifically by:
***Leptospira interrogans***
92
T/F: **Old Dog Encephalitis** (a type of Canine Distemper) is associated with extensive demyelination
**False**
93
Identify the developmental ocular abnormality shown in the picture:
**Eyelid agenesis**
94
Identify the ocular abnormality shown in the picture:
**iris hypoplasia**
94
Abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brain is termed:
**hydrocephalus**
95
**GM-1 Ganglioidosis** is an accumulation of ganglioside as a result of a defect or decifiency in *which enzyme*?
**β-galactosidase**
*In lysosomes, β-galactosidase breaks down GM1 ganglioside. If the enzyme is absent or defective, the substance will accumulate to toxic levels in the brain, leading to nerve cell destruction*
This is most commonly seen in _Fresian Calves_
96
T/F: Myelin is synthesized by Schwann cells in the CNS
**False**
* Myelin is synthesized by Schwann cells in the _PNS_. Myelin is synthesized by _oligodendrocytes in the CNS_.*
* Oligodendrocytes connect to multiple internodes. Schwann cells only connect to 1*
97
T/F: *Sarcocystis neurona* replicates in the muscle tissue of the horse and invades the CNS
**False**
*In the horse, the organism replicates in the CNS rather than in muscle*
99
Lead poisoning is most common in cattle/calves. Lead inhibits enzyme systems with free __________ groups, and binds to endothelial cells
Lead poisoning is most common in cattle/calves. Lead inhibits enzyme systems with free **_sulphydryl_** groups, and binds to endothelial cells
100
What is/are the most common cause(s) of **verminous encephalomyelitis** in the horse?
***Halicephalobus gingivalis* (*H. deletrix*) and** ***Strongylus vulgaris* larvae migration**
102
How is Canine Distemper typically transported to the CNS?
**Lymphocytes**
103
Corneal inflammation is termed:
**keratitis**
104
What ocular abnormality is present in this Boston Terrier?
**Corneal Edema**
*MDx: diffuse corneal edema*
105
T/F: Equine encephalomyelitis induces leukoencephalomalacia
**False**
*Equine encephalomyelitis induces _polioencephalomyelitis_*
106
Name the stain commonly used to observe **astrocytes:**
**GFAP**
107
Absence of cerebral hemispheres is termed:
**Hydraencephaly**
108
T/F: The axon remains intact in **primary demyelination**
**True**
*In primary demyelination, only the myelin is damaged, but the axon remains intact*
109
Most likely diagnosis in this cat?
**Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)**
110
Does **remyelination** occur in a greater capacity in the CNS or the PNS?
**PNS**
111
**Caseous lymphadenitis** is caused by *which bacterial organism*?
***Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis***
112
Identify the developmental ocular abnormality shown in the picture:
**ectropion**
*Ectropion is a condition in which your eyelid (typically the lower lid) turns out*
113
Identify the ocular abnormality shown in the picture:
**Entropion and secondary *trichiasis***
***Entropion** is a genetic condition in which a portion of the eyelid is inverted or folded inward*
***Trichiasis** is a term for abnormally positioned eyelashes that grow back toward the eye, touching the cornea or conjunctiva*
114
Identify the developmental ocular abnormality shown in the picture:
**microphthalmia**
*a disorder in which one or both eyes are abnormally small*
115
**Congenital Swayback** is observed when Cu deficiency occurs during ________ days of gestation
**100-120 days**
116
What is the most common neoplasm of the external acoustic meatus of dogs and cats?
**Ceruminous neoplasia**
*Adenomas are more common in dogs; Carcinomas are more common in cats*
117
T/F: **Uveal melanoma** is the most common intra-ocular neoplasm in all species
**False**
*Uveal melanoma is the most common intra-ocular neoplasm in all species _except the cat_.*
*_Diffuse iris melanoma is the most common intra-ocular neoplasm in the cat_*
118
What is the most common intra-ocular neoplasm in felines?
**Diffuse Iris Melanoma**
*(especially in cats with yellow eyes)*
119
T/F: **Intraocular sarcomas** are unique to the dog
**False**
*Intraocular sarcomas are unique to the _cat_*
120
What is the most common metastasis involving the eye?
**Uveal lymphoma**
*Uveal lymphoma is the most common metastasis involving the eye, especially in cats*
121
\_\_\_\_\_\_ gene promotes ovarian differentiation and development
**DAX1**
122
Individuals composed of two or more cell populations, each arising from *different* individuals:
**Chimeras**
*The most common example in vet med is the **_Freemartin calf_***
123
True hermaphodites fall into *which category of sexual development disorder*?
**Abnormalities of gonadal sex**
124
**Female pseudohermaphrodites** are often the result of iatrogenic administration of ___________ during gestation
**androgens or progestagens**
125
Complete absence of an entire uterine horn is termed:
***Uterus unicornis***
*Commonly found in white Shorthorn cattle ("white heifer disease"); associated with the recessive gene for white coat color*
126
Persistence of a tissue band running across the vagina just cranial to the opening of the urethra is termed:
**Imperforate Hymen**
127
Identify this abnormality found in *Swedish Highland Cattle:*
**Ovarian hypoplasia**
128
Cystic Graafian follicle is the most common type of cystic change. It occurs as a result of insufficient release of:
**luteinizing hormone**
129
Inflammation of the ovary is termed:
**Oophoritis**
130
Identify the ovarian abnormality in this mare:
**Intrafollicular hemorrhage**
131
Ovarian tumors are not very commonly found in dogs. However, if you do see an ovarian tumor in a dog, it is more than likely a(n):
**epithelial tumor**
132
T/F: All dysgerminomas are considered malignant
**True**
*Dysgerminomas are tumors of primordial germ cells of the embryonic gonad (female counterpart of testicular seminoma*
133
What is the most common ovarian tumor in cows and mares?
**Granulosa cell tumor (granulosa-theca cell tumor)**
134
Identify this disease of the uterine tube. The tube is distended and filled with clear watery mucus:
**Hydrosalpinx**
135
Which bacteria are commonly associated with **salpingitis**?
***Mycoplasma *****and *Ureaplasma***
136
Cystic Gartner's ducts are vestigial remnants of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**Wolffian ducts**
*Seen in cows secondary to hyperestrogenism or following local inflammation*
137
**Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV)** in cattle is caused by:
**BHV-1**
## Footnote
*The disease is venereally transmitted and causes epithelial necrosis*
138
**Dourine** is caused by:
***Trypanosoma equiperdum***
139
This aggressive, large, invasive tumor was found in the vulva/vaginal region of a cow. What should be at the top of your differential list?
**Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)**
140
This occurs in mares and results in death from exsanguination. What's going on?
**Ruptured uterine artery**
141
Identify the abnormality. This is most common in the bitch and involves cystic distention of endometrial glands
**Cystic endometrial hyperplasia**
*If endometrial secretions accumulate, infection may follow and lead to cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra syndrome*
Endometrial hyperplasia is often due to prolonged hyperestrogenism or excess progesterone
142
Presence of endometrial glands and stroma between the muscle bundles of the myometrium is termed:
**Adenomyosis**
143
Inflammation of the endometrium only is termed:
**endometritis**
144
Inflammation of all layers of the uterine wall:
**metritis**
145
Inflammation extending to the tissues surrounding the uterus:
**Perimetritis**
146
Accumulations of pus in the lumen of the uterus:
**Pyometra**
147
Which bacterial organism is responsible for **Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM)**?
***Taylorella equigenitalis***
*CEM is a reportable disease!!*
148
In which species are uterine adenocarcinomas very common?
**Rabbits**
149
What are the contagious causes of mastitis?
***Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycoplasma* spp.**
150
Name the contagious cause of _mastitis_ that characteristically **heals by fibrosis**:
***Streptococcus agalactiae***
151
This image is most likely associated with which contagious cause of mastitis in cattle?
***Staphylococcus aureus***
*Some strains elaborate an α-toxin that causes gangrenous staphylococcal mastitis. The toxin causes vasoconstriction and ischemia to the udder resulting in gangrene*
152
T/F: Granulomatous mastitis caused by *Mycobacterium bovis* is reported to be iatrogenic
**False**
* Mycobacterium bovis* is likely spread _hematogenously._
* Nocardia asteroides, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida* spp., and other *Mycobacterium* spp are often reported to be iatrogenic
153
Mastitis in the ewe and goat is usually caused by:
***Staphylococcus aureus*** or ***Mannheimia haemolytica***
154
What are two viral diseases that can cause mastitis in sheep and goats?
**Ovine progressive pneumonia (Maedi-Visna)** and **Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE)**
155
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the single most important prognostic factor in cats with mammary gland neoplasia
**_Tumor size_** is the single most important prognostic factor in cats with mammary gland neoplasia.
## Footnote
*Tumors less than 2 cm in size have a better prognosis*
156
This mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia is a benign proliferation of mammary ducts and connective tissue in neutered male and female cats on prolonged ____________ therapy
**progesterone therapy (megestrol acetate)**
157
Identify the abnormality
**None**.
## Footnote
*These are **amniotic plaques**, which are foci of squamous epithelium on the internal surface of the amnion; they are commonly present on the bovine amnion during the middle trimester of gestation*
158
Identify this fetal abnormality. The dead fetus is retained and infected by bacteria:
**maceration**
*May be associated with dystocia or incomplete abortion; May lead to pyometra and maternal death from peritonitis and toxemia*
159
These gross lesions (Chronic placentitis) are fairly characteristic for:
***Brucella abortus***
This is zoonotic!!
160
T/F: **Listeriosis** may cause tiny pinpoint yellow foci of necrosis in the liver
**True**
161
Which portion of the placenta is most affected by *Ureaplasma diversum*?
**amnion**
162
Inflammation of the testes is termed:
**orchitis**
163
T/F: Leydig cell tumors are most common in the dog and exhibit endocrine effects
**False**
*Leydig cell tumors _are_ most common in the dog, **but _do not_ exhibit endocrine effects***
164
Name a testicular neoplasia that is usually unilateral and solitary, generally enlarges the testis, and *exhibits no endocrine effect*
**Seminoma**
*Seminoma is a tumor of spermatogonia, usually unilateral and solitary, generally enlarges the testis, and exhibits no endocrine effect. _Cryptorchidism is a predisposing factor_!*
165
Name a testicular neoplasia that is usually unilateral and solitary, generally enlarges the testis, and usually **has endocrine effects**:
**Sertoli cell tumor**
*The key differentiating factor between this and a seminoma is that **sertoli cell tumors have endocrine effects** and seminomas do not*
166
Endocrine effects of **sertoli cell tumors** relate to estrogen production. What 4 things should you be thinking about with increased estrogen production?
Sertoli Cell Tumor? **_B_**alls **_P_**robably **_G_**ot **_S_**tuck
* **_B_**one marrow suppression
* **_P_**rostate hyperplasia
* **_G_**ynecomastia (man boobs)
* **_S_**ymmetrical alopecia (sebaceous gland atrophy)
*Remember, cryptorchidism is a predisposing factor!!*
167
Developmental lesion in young male horses, originating from the testes:
**Teratoma**
168
There is an occlusion of the epididymis, leading to dilation with sperm accumulation. What is this called?
**spermatocoele**
169
Identify this scrotal disease:
**Variocele**
*Dilation and tortuosity of the veins of the pampiniform plexus and the cremasteric veins*
170
T/F: Inflammation of the bulbourethral glands in dogs is fairly common
**False**
* it's not common at all... _because dogs don't have bulbourethral glands_.*
* The only accessory gland that dogs have is a prostate.*
171
T/F: **Prostatic atrophy** is a senile change that occurs following castration
**True**
172
This condition is fairly common in older intact male dogs. It is not seen in castrated animals:
**Prostatic hyperplasia**
173
Prostatic metaplasia is caused by:
**estrogen**
* ****Sertoli cell tumors
* Estrogen administration
* Columnar epithelial cells change to squamous
174
Identify this disease of the penis & prepuce. In which animal is this seen?
**Persistent frenulum**
*Connection between the ventral penis and prepuce; causes penile deviation. _Seen in bulls._*
175
Failure of closure of the urogenital groove is termed:
**hypospadia**
176
Narrowing of preputial orifice preventing **retraction** *of already protruding penis* is termed:
**Paraphimosis**
*Pa**_r_**aphimosis - has to do with **_r_**etraction*
177
Narrowing of preputial orifice preventing **protrusion** of the penis is termed:
**Phimosis**
178
What's that?
**It's a penis.**
*_...with TVT_*
179
All of these lesions may be found in dog with diabetes mellitus except:
* cataracts
* glomerulosclerosis
* insulinoma
* pancreatitis
**insulinoma**
180
These German Shepherds are littermates. This condition is usually the result of:
**Congenital Pituitary Cyst from Rathke's Pouch**
181
**Calcinosis cutis** is a very characteristic lesion associated with which Endocrinopathy?
**Hy**_per_**adrenocorticism (HAC)**
182
Cotyledons are bright to dark red and have numerous small soft white nodules ("strawberry-like lesions"). What is the agent involved?
***Toxoplasma gondii***
*T. gondii plays a major role in ovine abortion!!*
183
This acute diffuse suppurative placentitis in goats is likely a result of infection by:
***Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)***
184
Woah, placenta. There is patchy thickening with fibrosis and multifocal areas of necrosis, hemorrhage, and fibrin exudation. What is the most likely agent involved?
***Ureaplasma diversum***
185
Intercotyledonary placentitis and multifocal necrotizing hepatitis is most likely associated with *which cause of abortion in shee**p*?
***Campylobacter* spp.**
186
This presentation of placentitis is most often associated with infection by:
***Brucella abortus***
* Abortions are more common at 7-9 months. The gross lesions in the placenta are very characteristic (necrotiing placentitis)*
* \*\*ZOONOTIC\*\**
187
At what stage of gestation are abortions normally seen with *Brucella abortus*?
**7-9 months**
188
This lesion was found in the brain of a cow. What is the most likely etiology?
***Neospora caninum***
*Most abortions due to Neospora caninum occur at _5-6 months of gestation_. The brain is needed for diagnosis*
189
This fibrin cast was found **in the trachea of a horse**, along with multifocal necrosis in the liver. What is the most likely etiology?
**Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1)**
190
T/F: In dogs, most pituitary adenomas arise from the *pars intermedia*
**False.**
*In dogs, most pituitary adenomas arise from the **pars distalis***
*_In horses, most pituitary adenomas arise from the pars intermedia_*
191
Identify these hyperkeratotic plaques of the concave external ear of horses:
**Aural Plaques**
*Thought to be caused by papilloma virus spread by fly bites*
192
T/F: **Myxedema** is commonly seen associated with Cushing's disease
**Wrong.**
193
What is the likely cause of mastitis in a cow with sudden onset of agalactia, **involvement of all 4 quarters**, and severe swelling of the udder?
**Mycoplasma bovis**
194
What is the most likely etiology for the **valvular endocarditis** pictured below in the heart of a pig?
***Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae***
(*Streptococcus suis* could be another differential diagnosis)
195
This **pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia** is a classic presentation associated with *which etiological agent*?
***Rhodococcus equi***
196
Inflammation of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma is referred to as:
**Pyelonephritis**
Unlike other forms of nephritis, the lesions of pyelonephritis are not necessarily symmetrical
*(pictured below: unilateral pyelonephritis in a cat)*
197
Etiology?
***Fusobacterium necrophorum***
This is oral necrobacillosis, aka "Calf Diphtheria"
198
Porcine Contagious Pleuropneumonia is (as the name suggests) a highly contagious and often fatal disease of pigs 2-5 months of age.
What is the etiology?
***Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae***
199
What is the name of this condition in pigs?
**Atrophic rhinitis**
* This is a multifactorial disease in growing pigs. It is thought to be the result of a combined infection of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida types D and A*
* The toxigenic strains of P. multocida produce cytotoxins that **_inhibit osteoblastic activity and promote osteoclastic reabsorption_** of the nasal turbinates.*
200
Are neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes of ectodermal origin or of mesodermal origin?
**ectodermal origin**
201
T/F: *Cryptococcus* causes **bloody diarrhea**
**False.**
It's false.
It's not true.
202
Which four cardiac abnormalities are associated with **Tetralogy of Fallot**?
1. **Overriding aorta:** coming out over intraventricular septum instead of left ventricle
2. **Pulmonary stenosis**: narrowing of the pulmonary valve
3. **Ventricular septal defect**: working against pressure due to stenosis
4. **Right ventricular hypertrophy**
## Footnote
*Tetralogy of Fallot is a complicated cardiac anomaly characterized by these 4 lesions. **TOF is inherited in Keeshond dogs and is frequent in English bulldogs***
203
You have a young piglet with diarrhea. Upon histological examination of the intestines, you notice severe **villous atrophy** (blunting) and fusion.
What should be at the top of your differential list?
**Transmissible Gastroenteritis** (TGE)
204
What is the common name for this presentation in a pig?
**Mulberry Heart Disease**
| (caused by Vitamin E/Se deficiency)
205
Ingestion of *which amino acid* is believed to be responsible for **Fog Fever** in cattle?
**L-Tryptophan**
*Fog Fever is characterized by pulmonary edema and emphysema. It occurs in cattle grazing "fog" pastures (re-growth pasture after a har or silage has been cut, etc.)*
206
Name the substance found in moldy potatoes that is metabolized in the lung (Clara cells) to a potent pneumotoxin:
**4-ipomeanol**
207
What are the top two etiologies that present with **coronary atherosclerosis** in dogs?
**Diabetes mellitus** and **Hy**_po_**thyroidism**
208
What is the etiology of this condition in a cat?
**Feline calicivirus**
209
Clusters of variably-sized, intensely basophilic, **intracytoplasmic botryoid inclusion bodies** within histiocytes are *pathognomonic* for:
**Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome [PMWS]** (Porcine Circovirus 2)
## Footnote
*\*\*pigs 5-12 weeks old are most commonly affected\*\**
210
What is the most common paraneoplastic syndrome of **thymoma** in dogs?
**Myasthenia gravis (resulting in megaesophagus)**
211
A pig presents with diffuse severe splenic congestion. What is your top differential?
**African Swine Fever**
*(If this was a cow, Anthrax should be high on your list)*
212
In cattle, Anthrax is a cause of splenomegaly. Would this spleen be hard or soft upon palpation?
**Soft!**
## Footnote
*Dark red to black, soft spleen. This is an example of 'bloody spleen'*
213
What is the most appropriate morphologic diagnosis?
**Keratitis**
