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Host and Defense > Pathology I > Flashcards

Pathology I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major cause of cellular damage

A

Free radicals

  • radiation
  • hypoxia/ ischmia
  • Toxins
  • Inflammatory mediators
  • Iron propagated free radicals
  • Degraded by catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione,
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2
Q

Reversible cell injury

A

Mild ATN
Toxic live injury
Severe exercise

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3
Q

irreversible cell injury

A 
holes in cell membrane
Long Ca++ influx
Mitochondrial loss
apoptosis
 necrosis 
Mixed
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4
Q

Apoptosis

A 
energy requiring programmed cell death
Often normal phenomenon
No inflamation.
happens in
-normal embryology
-normal cell turnover
-viral infection
-cell damage(DNA, unfolded proteins)
-Immunologically mediated
-hormone withdrawal
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5
Q

Bcl-2

A

stabilize mitochondria

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6
Q

Bax

A

destabilizes mitochondria

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7
Q

Caspase cascade

A

Caspase 8 and 9 leads to caspase 3 cleavage leading to apoptosis.

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8
Q

Too much apoptosis

A 
neurodegenerative disease
Ischemic diseases ( MI, stroke)
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9
Q

Too little apoptosis

A 
Neoplasms (p53 mutations very common) (cascases) (cell that should have killed itself, did not) 
Viral infectins (immune induced apoptosis)
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10
Q

Necrosis

A 
Uncoordinated cell death.
cell membrane disrupition. 
ATP depletion
cells often swollen(loss of ion pump)
cell content leak causing acute inflammation.
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11
Q

Gangrene

A

Necrosis of whole anatomical area

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12
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

schemia, makes infarct

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13
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

loss of substance in brain or abscess. empty space

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14
Q

Fat necrosis

A

necrosis in fat

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15
Q

caseous necrosis

A

necrotizing granulomas. combination of liq and coagulative

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16
Q

Gangrenous necrosis

A

Necrosis of whole anatomic area

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17
Q

Fatty liver

A

Alcohol, obesity, starvation, toxins

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18
Q

abnormal glycogen accumulation

A

In liver in diabetes.
glycogen storage disease
certain tumors

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19
Q

abonormal lipid storage

A

Lipid storage disease Fabry’s, Gaucher.

In vessels atherosclerosis.

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20
Q

lipofuscin

A

degraded lipid in lysosomes

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21
Q

Bilirubin

A

hemoglobin breakdown product.

color seen with hyperbilirubinemia

22
Q

homosiderin

A

hereditary iron storage disease.

get more free radical damage from excessive iron storage.

23
Q

abnormal protein storage, intracellular

A

alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency; liver

Russell bodies in plasma cells

24
Q

Russell bodies in plasma cells

A

large deposit of immunoglobulin in plasma cell cytoplasm..

blue due to ribosomal RNA

25
Q

abnormal protein storage, extracellular

A

Amyloid

26
Q

Anthracosis

A

Carbon pigment, mostly in lungs

27
Q

Calcification

A

hydroxyapatite

28
Q

Metastatic calcification

A

Into normal tissue, disordered calcium metabolism.
renal failure
hyperparathyrodism
malignancy

29
Q

Acute inflammation

A

Begins almost immediately

PMS, vessels, mast cells

30
Q

Chronic inflamation

A

Begins 1 or more days later

Lymphoxytes, macrophages, +- plasma cells

31
Q

Fever

A

can have vasodilation of vasoconstriction

shivering and chills, sweating,

32
Q

Exudate

A

fluid rich in proteins (Ig, clotting factors, complement)

high specific gravity

33
Q

Leukocytosis with neutrophilia

A

acute inflammation

bacterial infection

34
Q

leukocytosis with lymphocytosis

A

chronic inflamation

viral infection

35
Q

Continually dividing/labile

A

Bone marrow, epidermis, GI tract

36
Q

Quiscent/Stable

A

Liver, renal tubules, smooth muscle, fibroblasts

37
Q

nondividing/permanent

A

neurons, cardiac muscle

38
Q

pluripotent stem cells

A

can make any tissue

39
Q

Multipotent stem cells

A

can make some tissues. (hemato

40
Q

Collagen I

A

Most abundant in CT

41
Q

Collagen II

A

cartilage

42
Q

Collagen III

A

in soft tissue, early wound healing

43
Q

Collagen IV

A

basement membranes

44
Q

Collagen VII

A

anchoring fibrils to epidermis

45
Q

Collagen stain

A

Trichrome stain

46
Q

CAMS

A

Cell Adhesion Molecules

transmembrane molecules inducing adherence to other cells or matrix, also cell sig

47
Q

Selectins

A

margination of leukocytes

48
Q

Integrins

A

adhesion to cells and matrix

49
Q

Cadherins

A

bind extracellular matrix to cytoskeleton. regulates proliferation.

50
Q

Main cell types in tissue healing

A

Macrophages,
platelets,
lymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, epithelial cells

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