Pathology Definitions Flashcards
1
Q
81MASTITIS
A
Inflammation of the breast.
2
Q
18ATYPIA
A
Structural abnormality in a cell due to reactive or neoplastic processes
3
Q
21BIOPSY
A
Process involving extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease.
4
Q
30CYST
A
An abnormal closed epithelium-lined cavity in the body, containing liquid or semisolid material.
5
Q
98 TOPHUS IS CHARACTERISTIC FOR:
A
Gout
6
Q
5AGENESIS
A
Complete absence of an organ or is anlage.
7
Q
125MOST COMMON LOCALIZATION OF EWING’S SARCOMA
A
Middle regionof long tubular bones.
8
Q
4ADHESION
A
Adhesions are fibrous bands of scar tissue that form between internal organs and tissues, joining them together abnormally.
9
Q
41EMPHYSEMA
A
Permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls without significant fibrosis.
10
Q
154VIRCHOW’S LYMPH NODE
A
Metastatic supraclavicular lymph node. The most common primary tumor is gastric adenocarcinoma.
11
Q
10APOPTOSIS
A
Pathway of cell death in which cells activate enzymes that degrade the cells’ own nuclear DNA and nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins.
12
Q
158HIRSCHPRUNG’S DISEASE
A
Bowel motility disorder caused by the abscence of ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus.
13
Q
101PUSTULE
A
Discrete, pus-filled, raised lesion.
14
Q
184MOST COMMON BENIGN TUMOR OF THE BREAST
A
Fibroadenoma.
15
Q
15ATHEROSCLEROSIS
A
Characterized by intimal lesions called atheromas (or atheromatous or atherosclerotic plaques) that impinge on the vascular lumen and can rupture to cause sudden occlusion.
16
Q
161CIRRHOSIS
A
Diffuse transformation of the liver into regenerative parenchymal nodules surrounded by fibrous bands, end stage of chronic liver disease.
17
Q
183PROGNOSTIC AND PREDICTIVE FACTORS OF BREAST CARCINOMA
A
Histologic type, grade, stageEstrogen-, progesteron-, and Her2 receptor status, Ki-67 proliferation index
18
Q
24CARCINOMA
A
Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cells.
19
Q
82MELANOMA
A
Malignant tumor of melanocytes.
20
Q
20BALANITIS
A
Local inflammation of the glans penis.
21
Q
75INVOLUTION
A
Reduction of volume of an organ or tissue (similarly to atrophy) due to physiological processes (e.g. thymus)
22
Q
195 BRESLOW’S DEPTH
A
Thickness (mm) of skin melanoma measured from the granular layer of the epidermis.
23
Q
153HEPATORENAL SYNDROME
A
Renal failure in patients with severe liver disease in the absence of morphological change of the kidneys.
24
Q
44ENDOPHYTIC
A
Tending to grow inward into tissues in fingerlike projections from a superficial site of origin —used for tumors
25
70INFLAMMATION, acute serous
Initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage marked by exudation of cell-poor fluid.
26
LIST THE FEATURES OF CROHN’S DISEASE!
Inflammatory bowel disease affecting the whole GI tract Segmental inflammation Inflammation in all layers of the bowel wall, with granuloma formation and deep fissural ulcers Fissures and fistules common Thickening of the bowel wall, stricture of the lumen Extraintestinal symptoms
27
99PSEUDOCYST
Liquefied areas of necrotic tissue become walled off by fibrous tissue to form a cystic space, lacking an epithelial lining.
28
133RUPTURE OF THE HEART FOLLOWING A MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION OCCURS MOST LIKELY:
2-10 days after infarction.
29
12ARTERITIS
Arterial wall inflammation.
30
55HEMATOMA
Hemorrhage accumulating within a tissue.
31
31DEGENERATION
Gradual deterioration of specific tissues, cells, or organs with corresponding impairment or loss of function.
32
60HYALINE
A clear, eosinophilic, homogeneous substance occurring in cellular degeneration.
33
22TROUSSEAU SIGN
Migratory thrombophlebitis occurring in tumor patients. It is attributable to the elaboration of platelet-aggregating factors and pro-coagulants from the tumorcells.
34
90PETECHIAE
Minute (1 to 2 mm in diameter) hemorrhages into skin, mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces.
35
48EXUDATE
Protein-rich fluid accumulation
36
152CAROLI DISEASE
Congenital disorder comprising of multifocal cystic dilatation of segmental intrahepatic bile ducts.
37
ASCITES
Extravascular fluid collection (effusion) in the peritoneal cavity.
38
180MEIGS’ SYNDROME
Ovarial fibrothecoma associated hydrothorax.
39
57HEMOTHORAX
Hemorrhage within the pleural cavity.
40
49FIBROSIS
Excessive deposition of collagen and other ECM components in a tissue.
41
79LITHIASIS
Formation of calculi (stones).
42
53GRANULOMA
Aggregates of activated macrophages with scattered lymphocytes.
43
2ADENOCARCINOMA
Malignant tumor of glandular epithelium.
44
51GRADE
Level of malignancy based on the cytological differentiation of tumor cells and the number of mitoses within the tumor.
45
89PAPILLOMA
Benign epithelial neoplasms, growing on any surface, that produce microscopic or macroscopic fingerlike fronds.
46
85NECROSIS
Form of cell death in which cellular membranes fall apart, and cellular enzymes leak out and ultimately digest the cell.
47
168HASHIMOTO’S DISEASE
Autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis.
48
166PATHOGENESIS OF GRAVES’ DISEASE
Thyroid stimulating anti-TSH receptor autoantibodies.
49
175HISTOLOGICAL TYPES OF GERM CELL NEOPLASMS OF THE TESTIS
Seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, teratoma, choriocarcinoma, spermatocytic tumor.
50
65INFARCTION, anemic
Area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of the vascular supply to the affected tissue.
51
155LIST THE FEATURES OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS
!Inflammatory bowel disease, beginning in the rectum, affecting only the colon Continous inflammation affecting only the mucosa and submucosa with broad based ulcers Bowel wall becomes thin Extraintestinal symptoms
52
37ECTASIA
Any local dilation of a structure.
53
11ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
Hardening of the arteries, arterial wall thickening and loss of elasticity.
54
140ETIOLOGICAL FACTOR OF MESOTHELIOMAS:
Asbestos.
55
191WHERE DOES OSTEOSARCOMA ARISE MOST COMMONLY?
Metaphysis of long cortical bones, mainly distal femur and proximal tibia
56
136EXAMPLESFOR BENIGN AND MALIGNANT SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS!
Benign: pleomorphic adenoma, basal cell adenoma, Whartin tumorMucoepidermoid carcinoma, aciniccell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, myoepithelial carcinoma
57
107REMISSION
Partial or complete disappearance of a chronic or a malignant disease.
58
193SCHWANNOMA
Tumor of the peripheral nerves
59
164HISTOLOGICAL AND CLINICO-PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PAPILLARY CARCINOMA OF THE THYROID:
Grooves, intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions, crowding of nuclei, ground-glass (Orphan Annie) nuclei, Psammoma bodies, papillary and/or follicular structures. It rarely gives metastasis, if yes, lymphogenic metastasis to the cervical lymph nodes.
60
134FORMS OF STERILE (NON-INFECTIOUS) ENDOCARDITIS:
Marantic endocarditis, endocarditis associated with carcinoid-syndrome
61
71INFLAMMATION, chronic active
Pattern of chronic mucosal inflammation mixed with acute inflammation of the glands.
62
35DYSPLASIA
Disorderly proliferation of the epithelium recognized by a loss in the uniformity of individual cells and in their architectural orientation.
63
98PROCTITIS
Inflammation of the rectum
64
112SHOCK
A state in which diminished cardiac output or reduced effective circulating blood volume impairs tissue perfusion and leads to cellular hypoxia.
65
105REGENERATION
Replacement of damaged tissue components and essentially return to a normal state.
66
121ULCER
Local defect, or excavation, of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced by the sloughing (shedding) of inflamed necrotic tissue.
67
141WHICH LUNG TUMOR TYPE PRODUCES COMMONLY HORMONES?
Small cell carcinoma.
68
86NEOPLASM
Tissue growth due to abnormal and uncontrolled cell proliferation.
69
33DESMOPLASIA
Tumor induced stromal reaction characterized by collagen rich connective tissue.
70
80LYMPHOMA
Malignant tumor of the lymphoid tissue.
71
201GASTROSCHISISA
birth defect in which abdominal viscera protrude through the incomplete abdominal wall.
72
96PNEUMOTHORAX
Air in the thoracic cavity.
73
171WHICH TWO CARCINOMA TYPES INFILTRATE COMMONLY TO MAJOR VEINS?
Hepatocellular carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma of the kidney.
74
145TECHNIC OF CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING:
Exfoliative cytology.
75
72INFLAMMATION, chronic non-specific
Prolonged host response (weeks or months) to persistent stimuli that may follow unresolved acute inflammation or be chronic from the onset (cells: lymphocytes, plasma cells).
76
174PRIMARY LOCALIZATION OF LYMPHOGENOUS METASTASES IN MALIGNANT TESTICULAR TUMORS:
Paraaortic lymph nodes.
77
138PANCOAST TUMOR
Locally disseminated, malignant tumor in the apex of the lung.
78
63HYPERPLASIA
Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organ that stems from increased proliferation, either of differentiated cells or, in some instances, less differentiated progenitor cells.
79
83METAPLASIA
Change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell type.
80
9APLASIA
Incomplete development of an organ or its anlage.
81
38ECTOPIA
An abnormal location or position of an organ or a body part, occurring congenitally or as the result of injury.
82
42EMPYEMA
pleural exudate caused by microbial invasion through either direct extension of a pulmonary infection or bloodborne seeding
83
196CAUSE OF COMMON WART
Human papilloma virus(HPV).
84
197IMPETIGO
Superficial purulent inflammation ofthe skin.
85
14HEPATIC STEATOSIS
Fatty degeneration of the liver.
86
74INVASION
Invasion refers to the direct extension and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues.
87
115STENOSIS
Narrowing of a lumen.
88
194MOST COMMON LOCALIZATION OF INTRACRANIAL BACTERIAL INFECTION:
Leptomeninx.
89
169TYPICAL SYMPTOMS FOR NEPHRITIS SYNDROME:
Hypertension, proteinuria, macroscopic hematuria, azotemia.
90
23CARCINOID
Malignant tumors composed of cells that contain dense-core neurosecretory granules in there cytoplasm, may secrete hormonally active polypeptides. Applied only in lung tumor classification of neuroendocrine tumors.
91
126EXAMPLES FOR OPTIONAL AND AN OBLIGATORY PRECANCEROUS CONDITION
Facultative: squamous cell metaplasia of the bronchi Obligatory: cervical dysplasia
92
132DRESSLER SYNDROME
An autoimmune phenomenon that can occur after myocardial infarction and manifests 2-3 weeks later as pericarditis and a pericardial effusion.
93
131COMPLICATIONS OF ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
Aneurysm formation, ischaemic injury of organs, embolism, thrombosis.
94
170TYPICAL SYMPTOMS FOR NEPHROSIS SYNDROME:
Hyperlipidemia, proteinuria (\>3,5g/day), hypoalbuminemia and generalized edema.
95
120TUMOR SUPRESSOR GENE
Genes that normally prevent uncontrolled growth and, when mutated or lost from a cell, allow the transformed phenotype to develop.
96
146ELEMENTS OF THE TUBERCULOTIC GHON’SCOMPLEX:
Primary tuberculotic nodule –lymphangitis –lymphadenitis.
97
137MOST COMMON SITE OF REGIONAL METASTASIS IN ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA:
Cervical lymph nodes.
98
WHAT IS CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM?
Venereal wart most commonly caused by HPV 6 and 11 serotypes.
99
46EROSION
The superficial destruction of a surface by friction, pressure, ulceration, or trauma.
100
6AMYLOIDOSIS
Disorder characterized by the extracellular deposits of proteins that are prone to aggregate and form insoluble fibrils.
101
94PLEOMORPHISM (POLYMORHISM)
Variation of size and shape of cells, usually characteristic for malignant neoplasms.
102
135VIRUSTHATMAY CONTRIBUTEIN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA INTHE HEAD&NECKREGION
:Human papilloma virus(HPV).
103
16ATRESIA
Absence of an opening, usually of a hollow visceral organ or duct.
104
91PHLEBITIS
Inflammation of a vein.
105
185THE CLONAL PROLIFERATION OF WHICH CELLS ARE DETECTED IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA?
Plasma cells.
106
142THE TWO MOST COMMONLY AFFECTED ORGANS IN PRIMARY TUBERCULOSIS:
Lung, small bowel.
107
106RELAPSE
Return of a disease after its apparent cessation.
108
19AUTOLYSIS
Enzymatic digestion of cells (especially dead or degenerate) by enzymes present within them (autogenous).
109
102PYKNOSIS
Form of nuclear destruction: shrinkage.
110
149MECKEL'S DIVERTICULUM OCCURS IN
:Ileum.
111
160INFECTIVE AGENT THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRIC AND DUODENAL ULCERS?
Helicobacter pylori.
112
139METHOD USED FOR THE DETECTION OF MYCOBACTERIA
PCR, cultivation, Ziehl-Neelsen stain.
113
66INFARCTION, hemorrhagic
Area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of the vascular supply to the affected tissue and consequential bleeding (dual or collateral blood supply, venous occlusion, reestablished flow after infarction).
114
173GLEASON GRADE
A grading system used in prostate adenocarcinomas to determine the differentiation of the tumor. It is based on the glandular formation of the tumor cells.
115
ABSCESS
Localized collections of pus caused by suppuration buried in a tissue, an organ, or a confined space.
116
187MALT LYMPHOMA (WITH EXAMPLES)
Lymphoma arising in the mucosa associated lymphoid tissue stomach, small intestine, tonsils, thyroid gland, conjunctiva, bronchus
117
56HEMOPERICARDIUM
Hemorrhage within the pericardial cavity.
118
167WHAT DETERMINES THE GRADE OF NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS?
The mitotic rate and the ki-67 proliferation index.
119
124SUPERIOR VENA CAVA SYNDROME
Venous congestion on the superior extremities and head caused by compression of the vein, most commonly due to lung or mediastinal tumors.
120
88ORCHITIS
Inflammation of the testis.
121
108REPAIR
Regeneration by proliferation of residual (uninjured) cells and maturation of tissue stem cells, and the deposition of connective tissue to form a scar.
122
100PSEUDOMEMBRANE
Adherent layer of inflammatory cells and debris at sites of mucosal injury.
123
40EMBOLUS
Detached intravascular solid, liquid, or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood from its point of origin to a distant site, where it often causes tissue dysfunction or infarction.
124
92PHLEBOTHROMBOSIS
Venous thrombosis.
125
172CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE MIGHT CAUSE HYPERPLASIA OF WHICH ORGAN?
Parathyroid gland.
126
54HAMARTOMA
A mass of disorganized tissue indigenous to the particular site.
127
WHICH TYPES OF VASCULITIS AFFECT THE SMALL AND MIDDLE SIZED ARTERIES?
Buerger’s disease, Polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener-granulomatosis (granulomatosis with polyangitis), Churg-Strauss disease (eosinophilia and granulomatosis with polyangitis).
128
47EXOPHYTIC
A neoplasm or lesion that grows outward from an epithelial surface.
129
69INFLAMMATION, acute purulent
Initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage characterized by the production of pus (exudate of neutrophils, liquefied debris of necrotic cells and edema fluid).
130
182PAGET-DISEASE OF THE BREAST
In situ carcinoma spreading into the epidermis of the nipple.
131
150BARETT’S OESOPAGUS
Intestinal metaplasia with goblet cells presenting at least 1 cm orally to the gastro-esophageal junction. Precancerous condition.
132
27COARCTATION
Congenital narrowing or constriction of the aorta
133
179KRUKENBERG TUMOR
Ovarian metastasis of a mucinous carcinoma. The primary tumor site may be for example the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas.
134
165MOST COMMON ORIGIN OF PANCREAS CARCINOMA:
Ductus epithelium.
135
127WHAT IS PARANEOPLASIA? LIST A FEW TYPICAL EXAMPLES!
Symptom complexes that occur in patients with cancer and that cannot be readily explained by local or distant spread of the tumor, nor to the secretion of hormones indigenous to the tissue the tumor is derived from. Trousseau-thrombophlebitis, acromegaly, marantic endocarditis, Cushing-syndrome, DIC, hypercalcemia.
136
61HYDROTHORAX
Extravascular fluid collection (effusion) in the pleural cavity.
137
50FISTULA
A permanent abnormal passageway between two organs in the body or between an organ and the exterior of the body.
138
189THE TWO MOST COMMON LOCALIZATIONS OF EXTRAMEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS
Liver, spleen.
139
162TWO MAIN FORMS OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS
Acute interstitial pancreatitis, acute hemorrhagic necrotising pancreatitis.
140
14ATELECTASIS
Loss of lung volume caused by inadequate expansion of air spaces.
141
117TERATOMA
Germ cell neoplasia that contains ecto-endo and mesodermal tissues.
142
190WHAT IS MERKEL-CELL CARCINOMA, AND WHERE DOES IT ARISE?
Neuroendocrine tumor of the Merkel-cells in the skin.
143
147IN WHICH DISEASE DOES CONDYLOMA LATUM OCCUR?
Syphilis
144
62HYPERCHROMASIA
An increase in chromatin in cell nuclei, causing increased staining of nuclei with hematoxylin.
145
116SUPPURATION
Formation of pus.
146
200TYPICAL SYMPTOMS OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS:
Meconium ileus, recurring and chronic pneumonia, bronchiectasis, cor pulmonale, pancreas insufficiency.
147
181DISEASE OF WHICH CELL TYPE IS HYDATIDIFORM MOLE?
Trophoblast cells.
148
84METASTASIS
Spread of a tumor to sites that are physically discontinuous with the primary tumor and unequivocally marks a tumor as malignant.
149
28CONDYLOMA
HPV associated warty lesion of the genital squamous epithelium.
150
97POLYP
Mass that projects above a mucosal surface.
151
163HOW IS IT POSSIBLE TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN FOLLICULAR ADENOMA AND FOLLICULAR CARCINOMA?
With the complete surgical removal of the lesion, and thorough histological examination of the capsule in search for capsular or vascular invasion which is diagnostic for follicular carcinoma.
152
43ENDOCARDITIS
Inflammation of the endocardium, which may be infective or non-infective of origin.
153
67INFLAMMATION, acute fibrinous Initial,
rapid response to infections and tissue damage with fibrin-rich exudate (due to large vascular leaks or local procoagulant stimulus)
154
45EPITHELIOID CELL
Activated macrophages which may develop abundant cytoplasm and begin to resemble epithelial cells
155
186REED-STERNBERG CELL
Binucleate tumorcell with large, inclusion type nucleoli typical for Hodgkin’s disease
156
68INFLAMMATION, acute hemorrhagic
Initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage with capillary endothelial destruction and consequent bleeding.
157
78KOILOCYTE
HPV infected squamous epithelial cell characterized by nuclear irregularity, hyperchromasia and perinuclear halo.
158
128HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MALIGNANCY IN MESENCHYMAL TUMORS
Cellular atypia, necrosis, increased mitotic count.
159
26CARCINOMA,
microinvasive Superficially invasive epithelial neoplasm, invasion detected only microscopically.
160
199TYPICAL SITEOFLACUNAR INFARCTS OCCUR:
Basal ganglia the thalamus.
161
177ENDOMETRIOSIS
Presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterus.
162
29CONGESTION
Passive process resulting from impaired outflow of venous blood from a tissue, causing increased blood volume within the tissue.
163
151BUDD-CHIARI-SYNDROME
Thrombosis of the hepatic veins.
164
36DYSTROPHY
Abnormal development or growth of a tissue or organ, usually resulting from nutritional deficiency.
165
87ONCOGENE
Genes that induce a transformed phenotype when expressed in cells by promoting increased cell growth.
166
8ANEURYSM
Congenital or acquired dilations of blood vessels or the heart.
167
76KARYOLYSIS
Form of nuclear destruction: fading.
168
104RECURRENCE
Neoplasm growing at the same place of previously treated primary tumor.
169
39EDEMA
Accumulation of interstitial fluid within tissues.
170
111SARCOMA
Malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal origin.
171
188LIST ONCOGENIC VIRUSES (WHICH PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF MALIGNANT TUMORS)!EBV:
Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, HHV-8: Kapos sarcoma, HCV/HBV: hepatocellular carcinoma, HPV: anogenital squamous cell carcinoma, oropharyngeal carcinoma, HTLV-1: adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia.
172
25CARCINOMA
in situ Severe dysplastic changes which involve the entire thickness of the epithelium.
173
22CARCINOGENESIS
Multistep process resulting from the accumulation of multiple genetic alterations that collectively give rise to the transformed phenotype causing malignant neoplasms.
174
144WHAT DOES CONGO-RED STAINING DETECT?
Amyloid.
175
95PNEUMONIA
Inflammation of the lung.
176
93PHLEGMON
Diffuse form of acute purulent inflammation, spreading through tissue spaces over a large area without definite limits.
177
123TUMORS ASSOCIATED WITH EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (lympho-epithelioma), Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, some B-cell lymphomas.
178
77KARYORRHEXIS
Form of nuclear destruction: fragmentation.
179
32DERMATITIS
Inflammation of the skin.
180
156WHICH LIVER DISEASE IS COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH ULCERATIVE COLITIS?
Primary sclerosing cholangitis.
181
119TRANSUDATE
Fluid with low protein content, little or no cellular material, and low specific gravity (protein content: \<3g/l).
182
3ADENOMA
Benign tumor of glandular epithelium.
183
34DIVERTICULUM
Acquired pseudodiverticular outpouchings of the colonic mucosa and submucosa.
184
143INFECTIOUS DISEASE THAT MAY CAUSEORCHITIS:
Mumps.
185
178HSIL
High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, epithelial proliferation caused by high risk HPV infection, a precancerous condition.
186
110SALPINGO-OOPHORITIS
Inflammation of the adnex (ovary and tube).
187
17ATROPHY
Shrinkage in the size of cells by the loss of cell substance.
188
64HYPERTROPHY
Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells resulting in an increase in the size of the organ.
189
159ACHALASIA
Incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter with increased sphincter tone and aperistaltis of the esophagus.
190
73INFLAMMATION, chronic granulomatous
Form of chronic inflammation characterized by collections of activated macrophages, often with T lymphocytes and sometimes associated with central necrosis (granuloma formation).
191
7ANAPLASIA
Dedifferentiation, or loss of structural and functional differentiation of malignant tumors.
192
109RESOLUTION
Restoration of the site of acute inflammation to normal.
193
103PYOTHORAX
Pus in the thoracic cavity.
194
129CARCINOMA
Malignant epthelial tumor.
195
118THROMBUS
The formation or presence of a blood clot in a blood vessel.
196
58HERNIATION
Abnormal protrusion of an organ or other body structure through a defect or natural opening in a covering membrane, muscle, or bone.
197
52GRANULATION TISSUE
Material formed in the process of repair of wounds of soft tissue, consisting of connective tissue cells and ingrowing young vessels.
198
113STASIS
Stagnation of fluid due to obstruction and congestion. 1
199
192MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nerve system which is characterized by recurring episodes of disease activity with production of white matter lesions.
200
176NECESSARY TISSUE SAMPLING METHOD IN CASE OF SUSPICION OF PROSTATE CANCER:
Transrectal core needle biopsy.
201
59HETEROTOPIA
Or choristoma refers to microscopically normal cells or tissues that are present in abnormal locations.
