Pathology Definitions Flashcards
81MASTITIS
Inflammation of the breast.
18ATYPIA
Structural abnormality in a cell due to reactive or neoplastic processes
21BIOPSY
Process involving extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease.
30CYST
An abnormal closed epithelium-lined cavity in the body, containing liquid or semisolid material.
98 TOPHUS IS CHARACTERISTIC FOR:
Gout
5AGENESIS
Complete absence of an organ or is anlage.
125MOST COMMON LOCALIZATION OF EWING’S SARCOMA
Middle regionof long tubular bones.
4ADHESION
Adhesions are fibrous bands of scar tissue that form between internal organs and tissues, joining them together abnormally.
41EMPHYSEMA
Permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls without significant fibrosis.
154VIRCHOW’S LYMPH NODE
Metastatic supraclavicular lymph node. The most common primary tumor is gastric adenocarcinoma.
10APOPTOSIS
Pathway of cell death in which cells activate enzymes that degrade the cells’ own nuclear DNA and nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins.
158HIRSCHPRUNG’S DISEASE
Bowel motility disorder caused by the abscence of ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus.
101PUSTULE
Discrete, pus-filled, raised lesion.
184MOST COMMON BENIGN TUMOR OF THE BREAST
Fibroadenoma.
15ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Characterized by intimal lesions called atheromas (or atheromatous or atherosclerotic plaques) that impinge on the vascular lumen and can rupture to cause sudden occlusion.
161CIRRHOSIS
Diffuse transformation of the liver into regenerative parenchymal nodules surrounded by fibrous bands, end stage of chronic liver disease.
183PROGNOSTIC AND PREDICTIVE FACTORS OF BREAST CARCINOMA
Histologic type, grade, stageEstrogen-, progesteron-, and Her2 receptor status, Ki-67 proliferation index
24CARCINOMA
Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cells.
82MELANOMA
Malignant tumor of melanocytes.
20BALANITIS
Local inflammation of the glans penis.
75INVOLUTION
Reduction of volume of an organ or tissue (similarly to atrophy) due to physiological processes (e.g. thymus)
195 BRESLOW’S DEPTH
Thickness (mm) of skin melanoma measured from the granular layer of the epidermis.
153HEPATORENAL SYNDROME
Renal failure in patients with severe liver disease in the absence of morphological change of the kidneys.
44ENDOPHYTIC
Tending to grow inward into tissues in fingerlike projections from a superficial site of origin —used for tumors
70INFLAMMATION, acute serous
Initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage marked by exudation of cell-poor fluid.
LIST THE FEATURES OF CROHN’S DISEASE!
Inflammatory bowel disease affecting the whole GI tract Segmental inflammation Inflammation in all layers of the bowel wall, with granuloma formation and deep fissural ulcers Fissures and fistules common Thickening of the bowel wall, stricture of the lumen Extraintestinal symptoms
99PSEUDOCYST
Liquefied areas of necrotic tissue become walled off by fibrous tissue to form a cystic space, lacking an epithelial lining.
133RUPTURE OF THE HEART FOLLOWING A MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION OCCURS MOST LIKELY:
2-10 days after infarction.
12ARTERITIS
Arterial wall inflammation.
55HEMATOMA
Hemorrhage accumulating within a tissue.
31DEGENERATION
Gradual deterioration of specific tissues, cells, or organs with corresponding impairment or loss of function.
60HYALINE
A clear, eosinophilic, homogeneous substance occurring in cellular degeneration.
22TROUSSEAU SIGN
Migratory thrombophlebitis occurring in tumor patients. It is attributable to the elaboration of platelet-aggregating factors and pro-coagulants from the tumorcells.
90PETECHIAE
Minute (1 to 2 mm in diameter) hemorrhages into skin, mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces.
48EXUDATE
Protein-rich fluid accumulation
152CAROLI DISEASE
Congenital disorder comprising of multifocal cystic dilatation of segmental intrahepatic bile ducts.
ASCITES
Extravascular fluid collection (effusion) in the peritoneal cavity.
180MEIGS’ SYNDROME
Ovarial fibrothecoma associated hydrothorax.
57HEMOTHORAX
Hemorrhage within the pleural cavity.
49FIBROSIS
Excessive deposition of collagen and other ECM components in a tissue.
79LITHIASIS
Formation of calculi (stones).
53GRANULOMA
Aggregates of activated macrophages with scattered lymphocytes.
2ADENOCARCINOMA
Malignant tumor of glandular epithelium.
51GRADE
Level of malignancy based on the cytological differentiation of tumor cells and the number of mitoses within the tumor.
89PAPILLOMA
Benign epithelial neoplasms, growing on any surface, that produce microscopic or macroscopic fingerlike fronds.
85NECROSIS
Form of cell death in which cellular membranes fall apart, and cellular enzymes leak out and ultimately digest the cell.
168HASHIMOTO’S DISEASE
Autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis.
166PATHOGENESIS OF GRAVES’ DISEASE
Thyroid stimulating anti-TSH receptor autoantibodies.
175HISTOLOGICAL TYPES OF GERM CELL NEOPLASMS OF THE TESTIS
Seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, teratoma, choriocarcinoma, spermatocytic tumor.
65INFARCTION, anemic
Area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of the vascular supply to the affected tissue.
155LIST THE FEATURES OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS
!Inflammatory bowel disease, beginning in the rectum, affecting only the colon Continous inflammation affecting only the mucosa and submucosa with broad based ulcers Bowel wall becomes thin Extraintestinal symptoms
37ECTASIA
Any local dilation of a structure.
11ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
Hardening of the arteries, arterial wall thickening and loss of elasticity.
140ETIOLOGICAL FACTOR OF MESOTHELIOMAS:
Asbestos.
191WHERE DOES OSTEOSARCOMA ARISE MOST COMMONLY?
Metaphysis of long cortical bones, mainly distal femur and proximal tibia
136EXAMPLESFOR BENIGN AND MALIGNANT SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS!
Benign: pleomorphic adenoma, basal cell adenoma, Whartin tumorMucoepidermoid carcinoma, aciniccell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, myoepithelial carcinoma
107REMISSION
Partial or complete disappearance of a chronic or a malignant disease.
193SCHWANNOMA
Tumor of the peripheral nerves
164HISTOLOGICAL AND CLINICO-PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PAPILLARY CARCINOMA OF THE THYROID:
Grooves, intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions, crowding of nuclei, ground-glass (Orphan Annie) nuclei, Psammoma bodies, papillary and/or follicular structures. It rarely gives metastasis, if yes, lymphogenic metastasis to the cervical lymph nodes.
134FORMS OF STERILE (NON-INFECTIOUS) ENDOCARDITIS:
Marantic endocarditis, endocarditis associated with carcinoid-syndrome
71INFLAMMATION, chronic active
Pattern of chronic mucosal inflammation mixed with acute inflammation of the glands.
35DYSPLASIA
Disorderly proliferation of the epithelium recognized by a loss in the uniformity of individual cells and in their architectural orientation.
98PROCTITIS
Inflammation of the rectum
112SHOCK
A state in which diminished cardiac output or reduced effective circulating blood volume impairs tissue perfusion and leads to cellular hypoxia.
105REGENERATION
Replacement of damaged tissue components and essentially return to a normal state.
121ULCER
Local defect, or excavation, of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced by the sloughing (shedding) of inflamed necrotic tissue.
141WHICH LUNG TUMOR TYPE PRODUCES COMMONLY HORMONES?
Small cell carcinoma.
86NEOPLASM
Tissue growth due to abnormal and uncontrolled cell proliferation.
33DESMOPLASIA
Tumor induced stromal reaction characterized by collagen rich connective tissue.
80LYMPHOMA
Malignant tumor of the lymphoid tissue.
201GASTROSCHISISA
birth defect in which abdominal viscera protrude through the incomplete abdominal wall.
96PNEUMOTHORAX
Air in the thoracic cavity.
171WHICH TWO CARCINOMA TYPES INFILTRATE COMMONLY TO MAJOR VEINS?
Hepatocellular carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma of the kidney.
145TECHNIC OF CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING:
Exfoliative cytology.
72INFLAMMATION, chronic non-specific
Prolonged host response (weeks or months) to persistent stimuli that may follow unresolved acute inflammation or be chronic from the onset (cells: lymphocytes, plasma cells).
174PRIMARY LOCALIZATION OF LYMPHOGENOUS METASTASES IN MALIGNANT TESTICULAR TUMORS:
Paraaortic lymph nodes.
138PANCOAST TUMOR
Locally disseminated, malignant tumor in the apex of the lung.
63HYPERPLASIA
Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organ that stems from increased proliferation, either of differentiated cells or, in some instances, less differentiated progenitor cells.
83METAPLASIA
Change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell type.
9APLASIA
Incomplete development of an organ or its anlage.
38ECTOPIA
An abnormal location or position of an organ or a body part, occurring congenitally or as the result of injury.
42EMPYEMA
pleural exudate caused by microbial invasion through either direct extension of a pulmonary infection or bloodborne seeding
196CAUSE OF COMMON WART
Human papilloma virus(HPV).
197IMPETIGO
Superficial purulent inflammation ofthe skin.
14HEPATIC STEATOSIS
Fatty degeneration of the liver.
74INVASION
Invasion refers to the direct extension and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues.
115STENOSIS
Narrowing of a lumen.
194MOST COMMON LOCALIZATION OF INTRACRANIAL BACTERIAL INFECTION:
Leptomeninx.
169TYPICAL SYMPTOMS FOR NEPHRITIS SYNDROME:
Hypertension, proteinuria, macroscopic hematuria, azotemia.
23CARCINOID
Malignant tumors composed of cells that contain dense-core neurosecretory granules in there cytoplasm, may secrete hormonally active polypeptides. Applied only in lung tumor classification of neuroendocrine tumors.
126EXAMPLES FOR OPTIONAL AND AN OBLIGATORY PRECANCEROUS CONDITION
Facultative: squamous cell metaplasia of the bronchi Obligatory: cervical dysplasia
132DRESSLER SYNDROME
An autoimmune phenomenon that can occur after myocardial infarction and manifests 2-3 weeks later as pericarditis and a pericardial effusion.
131COMPLICATIONS OF ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
Aneurysm formation, ischaemic injury of organs, embolism, thrombosis.
170TYPICAL SYMPTOMS FOR NEPHROSIS SYNDROME:
Hyperlipidemia, proteinuria (>3,5g/day), hypoalbuminemia and generalized edema.
120TUMOR SUPRESSOR GENE
Genes that normally prevent uncontrolled growth and, when mutated or lost from a cell, allow the transformed phenotype to develop.
146ELEMENTS OF THE TUBERCULOTIC GHON’SCOMPLEX:
Primary tuberculotic nodule –lymphangitis –lymphadenitis.
137MOST COMMON SITE OF REGIONAL METASTASIS IN ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA:
Cervical lymph nodes.
WHAT IS CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM?
Venereal wart most commonly caused by HPV 6 and 11 serotypes.
46EROSION
The superficial destruction of a surface by friction, pressure, ulceration, or trauma.
6AMYLOIDOSIS
Disorder characterized by the extracellular deposits of proteins that are prone to aggregate and form insoluble fibrils.
94PLEOMORPHISM (POLYMORHISM)
Variation of size and shape of cells, usually characteristic for malignant neoplasms.
135VIRUSTHATMAY CONTRIBUTEIN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA INTHE HEAD&NECKREGION
:Human papilloma virus(HPV).
16ATRESIA
Absence of an opening, usually of a hollow visceral organ or duct.
91PHLEBITIS
Inflammation of a vein.
185THE CLONAL PROLIFERATION OF WHICH CELLS ARE DETECTED IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA?
Plasma cells.
142THE TWO MOST COMMONLY AFFECTED ORGANS IN PRIMARY TUBERCULOSIS:
Lung, small bowel.
106RELAPSE
Return of a disease after its apparent cessation.
19AUTOLYSIS
Enzymatic digestion of cells (especially dead or degenerate) by enzymes present within them (autogenous).
102PYKNOSIS
Form of nuclear destruction: shrinkage.
149MECKEL’S DIVERTICULUM OCCURS IN
:Ileum.
160INFECTIVE AGENT THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRIC AND DUODENAL ULCERS?
Helicobacter pylori.
139METHOD USED FOR THE DETECTION OF MYCOBACTERIA
PCR, cultivation, Ziehl-Neelsen stain.
66INFARCTION, hemorrhagic
Area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of the vascular supply to the affected tissue and consequential bleeding (dual or collateral blood supply, venous occlusion, reestablished flow after infarction).
173GLEASON GRADE
A grading system used in prostate adenocarcinomas to determine the differentiation of the tumor. It is based on the glandular formation of the tumor cells.
ABSCESS
Localized collections of pus caused by suppuration buried in a tissue, an organ, or a confined space.
187MALT LYMPHOMA (WITH EXAMPLES)
Lymphoma arising in the mucosa associated lymphoid tissue stomach, small intestine, tonsils, thyroid gland, conjunctiva, bronchus
56HEMOPERICARDIUM
Hemorrhage within the pericardial cavity.
167WHAT DETERMINES THE GRADE OF NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS?
The mitotic rate and the ki-67 proliferation index.
124SUPERIOR VENA CAVA SYNDROME
Venous congestion on the superior extremities and head caused by compression of the vein, most commonly due to lung or mediastinal tumors.
88ORCHITIS
Inflammation of the testis.
108REPAIR
Regeneration by proliferation of residual (uninjured) cells and maturation of tissue stem cells, and the deposition of connective tissue to form a scar.
100PSEUDOMEMBRANE
Adherent layer of inflammatory cells and debris at sites of mucosal injury.
40EMBOLUS
Detached intravascular solid, liquid, or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood from its point of origin to a distant site, where it often causes tissue dysfunction or infarction.
92PHLEBOTHROMBOSIS
Venous thrombosis.
172CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE MIGHT CAUSE HYPERPLASIA OF WHICH ORGAN?
Parathyroid gland.
54HAMARTOMA
A mass of disorganized tissue indigenous to the particular site.
WHICH TYPES OF VASCULITIS AFFECT THE SMALL AND MIDDLE SIZED ARTERIES?
Buerger’s disease, Polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener-granulomatosis (granulomatosis with polyangitis), Churg-Strauss disease (eosinophilia and granulomatosis with polyangitis).
47EXOPHYTIC
A neoplasm or lesion that grows outward from an epithelial surface.
69INFLAMMATION, acute purulent
Initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage characterized by the production of pus (exudate of neutrophils, liquefied debris of necrotic cells and edema fluid).
182PAGET-DISEASE OF THE BREAST
In situ carcinoma spreading into the epidermis of the nipple.
150BARETT’S OESOPAGUS
Intestinal metaplasia with goblet cells presenting at least 1 cm orally to the gastro-esophageal junction. Precancerous condition.
27COARCTATION
Congenital narrowing or constriction of the aorta
179KRUKENBERG TUMOR
Ovarian metastasis of a mucinous carcinoma. The primary tumor site may be for example the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas.
165MOST COMMON ORIGIN OF PANCREAS CARCINOMA:
Ductus epithelium.
127WHAT IS PARANEOPLASIA? LIST A FEW TYPICAL EXAMPLES!
Symptom complexes that occur in patients with cancer and that cannot be readily explained by local or distant spread of the tumor, nor to the secretion of hormones indigenous to the tissue the tumor is derived from. Trousseau-thrombophlebitis, acromegaly, marantic endocarditis, Cushing-syndrome, DIC, hypercalcemia.
61HYDROTHORAX
Extravascular fluid collection (effusion) in the pleural cavity.
50FISTULA
A permanent abnormal passageway between two organs in the body or between an organ and the exterior of the body.
189THE TWO MOST COMMON LOCALIZATIONS OF EXTRAMEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS
Liver, spleen.
162TWO MAIN FORMS OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS
Acute interstitial pancreatitis, acute hemorrhagic necrotising pancreatitis.
14ATELECTASIS
Loss of lung volume caused by inadequate expansion of air spaces.
117TERATOMA
Germ cell neoplasia that contains ecto-endo and mesodermal tissues.
190WHAT IS MERKEL-CELL CARCINOMA, AND WHERE DOES IT ARISE?
Neuroendocrine tumor of the Merkel-cells in the skin.
147IN WHICH DISEASE DOES CONDYLOMA LATUM OCCUR?
Syphilis
62HYPERCHROMASIA
An increase in chromatin in cell nuclei, causing increased staining of nuclei with hematoxylin.
116SUPPURATION
Formation of pus.
200TYPICAL SYMPTOMS OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS:
Meconium ileus, recurring and chronic pneumonia, bronchiectasis, cor pulmonale, pancreas insufficiency.
181DISEASE OF WHICH CELL TYPE IS HYDATIDIFORM MOLE?
Trophoblast cells.
84METASTASIS
Spread of a tumor to sites that are physically discontinuous with the primary tumor and unequivocally marks a tumor as malignant.
28CONDYLOMA
HPV associated warty lesion of the genital squamous epithelium.
97POLYP
Mass that projects above a mucosal surface.
163HOW IS IT POSSIBLE TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN FOLLICULAR ADENOMA AND FOLLICULAR CARCINOMA?
With the complete surgical removal of the lesion, and thorough histological examination of the capsule in search for capsular or vascular invasion which is diagnostic for follicular carcinoma.
43ENDOCARDITIS
Inflammation of the endocardium, which may be infective or non-infective of origin.
67INFLAMMATION, acute fibrinous Initial,
rapid response to infections and tissue damage with fibrin-rich exudate (due to large vascular leaks or local procoagulant stimulus)
45EPITHELIOID CELL
Activated macrophages which may develop abundant cytoplasm and begin to resemble epithelial cells
186REED-STERNBERG CELL
Binucleate tumorcell with large, inclusion type nucleoli typical for Hodgkin’s disease
68INFLAMMATION, acute hemorrhagic
Initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage with capillary endothelial destruction and consequent bleeding.
78KOILOCYTE
HPV infected squamous epithelial cell characterized by nuclear irregularity, hyperchromasia and perinuclear halo.
128HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MALIGNANCY IN MESENCHYMAL TUMORS
Cellular atypia, necrosis, increased mitotic count.
26CARCINOMA,
microinvasive Superficially invasive epithelial neoplasm, invasion detected only microscopically.
199TYPICAL SITEOFLACUNAR INFARCTS OCCUR:
Basal ganglia the thalamus.
177ENDOMETRIOSIS
Presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterus.
29CONGESTION
Passive process resulting from impaired outflow of venous blood from a tissue, causing increased blood volume within the tissue.
151BUDD-CHIARI-SYNDROME
Thrombosis of the hepatic veins.
36DYSTROPHY
Abnormal development or growth of a tissue or organ, usually resulting from nutritional deficiency.
87ONCOGENE
Genes that induce a transformed phenotype when expressed in cells by promoting increased cell growth.
8ANEURYSM
Congenital or acquired dilations of blood vessels or the heart.
76KARYOLYSIS
Form of nuclear destruction: fading.
104RECURRENCE
Neoplasm growing at the same place of previously treated primary tumor.
39EDEMA
Accumulation of interstitial fluid within tissues.
111SARCOMA
Malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal origin.
188LIST ONCOGENIC VIRUSES (WHICH PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF MALIGNANT TUMORS)!EBV:
Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, HHV-8: Kapos sarcoma, HCV/HBV: hepatocellular carcinoma, HPV: anogenital squamous cell carcinoma, oropharyngeal carcinoma, HTLV-1: adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia.
25CARCINOMA
in situ Severe dysplastic changes which involve the entire thickness of the epithelium.
22CARCINOGENESIS
Multistep process resulting from the accumulation of multiple genetic alterations that collectively give rise to the transformed phenotype causing malignant neoplasms.
144WHAT DOES CONGO-RED STAINING DETECT?
Amyloid.
95PNEUMONIA
Inflammation of the lung.
93PHLEGMON
Diffuse form of acute purulent inflammation, spreading through tissue spaces over a large area without definite limits.
123TUMORS ASSOCIATED WITH EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (lympho-epithelioma), Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, some B-cell lymphomas.
77KARYORRHEXIS
Form of nuclear destruction: fragmentation.
32DERMATITIS
Inflammation of the skin.
156WHICH LIVER DISEASE IS COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH ULCERATIVE COLITIS?
Primary sclerosing cholangitis.
119TRANSUDATE
Fluid with low protein content, little or no cellular material, and low specific gravity (protein content: <3g/l).
3ADENOMA
Benign tumor of glandular epithelium.
34DIVERTICULUM
Acquired pseudodiverticular outpouchings of the colonic mucosa and submucosa.
143INFECTIOUS DISEASE THAT MAY CAUSEORCHITIS:
Mumps.
178HSIL
High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, epithelial proliferation caused by high risk HPV infection, a precancerous condition.
110SALPINGO-OOPHORITIS
Inflammation of the adnex (ovary and tube).
17ATROPHY
Shrinkage in the size of cells by the loss of cell substance.
64HYPERTROPHY
Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells resulting in an increase in the size of the organ.
159ACHALASIA
Incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter with increased sphincter tone and aperistaltis of the esophagus.
73INFLAMMATION, chronic granulomatous
Form of chronic inflammation characterized by collections of activated macrophages, often with T lymphocytes and sometimes associated with central necrosis (granuloma formation).
7ANAPLASIA
Dedifferentiation, or loss of structural and functional differentiation of malignant tumors.
109RESOLUTION
Restoration of the site of acute inflammation to normal.
103PYOTHORAX
Pus in the thoracic cavity.
129CARCINOMA
Malignant epthelial tumor.
118THROMBUS
The formation or presence of a blood clot in a blood vessel.
58HERNIATION
Abnormal protrusion of an organ or other body structure through a defect or natural opening in a covering membrane, muscle, or bone.
52GRANULATION TISSUE
Material formed in the process of repair of wounds of soft tissue, consisting of connective tissue cells and ingrowing young vessels.
113STASIS
Stagnation of fluid due to obstruction and congestion. 1
192MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nerve system which is characterized by recurring episodes of disease activity with production of white matter lesions.
176NECESSARY TISSUE SAMPLING METHOD IN CASE OF SUSPICION OF PROSTATE CANCER:
Transrectal core needle biopsy.
59HETEROTOPIA
Or choristoma refers to microscopically normal cells or tissues that are present in abnormal locations.
