Organ Demo Flashcards
Order to follow within organ descriptions:
- size
- surface
- color
- consistency
- inner contents
- special structure
Order to follow in organ complexes
- circulation
- respiration
- digestion
- urinary tract
- others (genital, endocrin..)
Heart - Size
The heart is 300-350 g (depending on the body weight)
Heart - Surface
The pericardium is smooth, shiny, glistening.
The pericardial fat tissue is of usual amount.
How to describe the heart
The description of the chambers follows the course of the blood flow.
Right Atrium
- normal in diameter, it is free, and the inner surface is smooth.
- The foramen ovale is closed. The auricle is free.
- The circumference of the tricuspid valve is normal (130 mm), the cusps are thin, membranous, freely movable
- the chordae tendinae are thin, thread-like.
The Right Ventricle
- normal in diameter
- the lumen is free, and the inner surface is smooth.
- The right ventricular myocardium is normal in thickness (3-5 mm).
- The circumference of the pulmonary valve is normal (80 mm), the cusps are thin, membranous, freely movable.
The Pulmonary Trunk
- normal in diameter
- the lumen is free
- inner surface is ivory
Left Atrium
- normal in diameter, it is free, and the inner surface is smooth.
- The auricle is free.
- The diameter of the bicuspid valve is normal (105 mm), the cusps are thin, membranous, freely movable
- the chordae tendinae are thin, thread- like.
- The papillary muscles are cylindrical
Left Ventricle
- the left ventricle is normal in diameter, the lumen is free, and the inner surface is smooth.
- The left ventricular myocardium is normal in thickness (10-14 mm).
- The circumference of the aortic valve is normal (65 mm), the cusps are thin, membranous, and freely movable.
Aorta
normal in diameter, the lumen is free, and the inner surface is ivory
Coronary Arteries
the diameter of the
- circumflex=CX
- anterior descending=LAD
- right coronary=RCA is normal, the lumen is free.
- The inner surface is ivory.
- The cut surface of the myocardium is reddish-brown, the consistency is rubbery, and the muscle structure is preserved.
What do you see in adipose infiltration of the heart
the pericardial fat is increased in amount, penetrates deeply between the muscle strands.
(Usually seen in the anterior wall of the right ventricle.)
What do you see in Hypoxic parenchymal degeneration in the Heart
the muscle is light brown, muscle structure is indistinct, and the consistency is flaccid
What would you see in Atherosclerosis in the Heart?
(aorta, coronaries):
- there are numerous…mm sized (confluent)
- yellowish/ butter yellow, firm/calcified/ulcerated plaques (with thrombosis
on/hemorrhage in the plaques) on the inner surface.
(These cause a ..% narrowing of the lumen.)
What would you see in Myocardial infarction (acute, more than 24 hrs old)
on the cut surface of the …(area: anterior wall, etc.) of the myocardium there is a … cm sized mainly subendocardial/transmural asymmetrical /map like, clay-yellow/reddish area with hemorrhagic edges.
Optional: There is a grayish easily removable material on the pericardium of this area(acute fibrinous pericarditis)
There is a …sized thrombus on the endocardium of this area (mural thrombosis-rare).
What would you see in Myocardial infarction (old):
on the cut surface of the … area of the myocardium there is a .. cm sized whitish scar tissue.
Optional: The lumen is dilated, the wall is thin (aneurysm)
What would you see in Acute Endocarditis
- Infective: large, smooth, grayish-yellowish thrombi on the valves
(=vegetation).
Valve destruction is common.
- Non infective: small, grayish thrombi on the edge of the valves (=sterile vegetation).
No valve destruction.
What would you see in Chronic Endocarditis (rheumatic):
the….valves are thickened, destruated, calcified, not movable, the valve is stenotic
What is the size of the Lung
The right and left lung together is 700
Surface of the Lung
The pleura is smooth, shiny and glistening.
What is the color of the Lung
The cut surface is reddish, the consistency is elastic, and the air bubbles can be felt.
Contents of the Lung
- The arteries are normal in diameter, the lumen is free.
- The inner surface is ivory.
- The bronchi are normal in diameter (which means, the lumen of a single bronchus is detectable not more than the 2/3 of the hilus-pleura distance), the lumen is free, and the mucosa is grayish-white/pale.
Consistency of the lung
Pressing the cut surface results in a small amount of deep red bubbly/frothy fluid.
What will you see if there is Atelectasis of Lung
the … area(s) of the lung is/are collapsed, the consistency is muscle-like.
What will you see if there is Edema of the Lung
Edema: the lungs are heavy, the consistency is firm elastic, large amount of
bubbly/frothy fluid can be pressed out of the cut surface.
What would you see int he Lungs in Emphysema
the parenchyma is light red, the consistency is soft.
Optional: There are … number, …cm sized air filled bullae in the periphery of the lobe (bullous emphysema).
What would you see in a Lung Infarct
There is a wedge-shaped, subpleural… cm sized firm, deep red area on
the cut surface.
There is a grayish white, easily removable layer on the pleural side of the infarction
What would you see in Lobar Pneumonia
the … lobe is homogenously grayish-red; the consistency is like that of the liver.
The parenchyma is friable/fragile.
What would you see in Bronchopneumonia
the … area of the lung is deep red with yellowish foci(=pus), the
parenchyma is friable/fragile.
Pus can be pressed out of this cut surface.
What would you see in a Lung Abscess
there is a … cm roundish cavity in the parenchyma partly filled with thick, yellowish pus.
What would you see in a Primary lung tumor
Central: there is an asymmetrically infiltrating, grayish-white, firm tissue mass in connection with one of the main bronchi.
Peripheral - there is an asymmetrically infiltrating, grayish-white, firm foreign tissue in the periphery of the lung. Generally there is no visible connection with any bronchi. The pleural surface is retracted
What would you see in Metastatic Lung Tumor
there are multiple … to … cm roundish grayish-white foreign tissue nodules in the parenchyma.
What would you see in Acute purulent bronchitis:
the mucosa is bright red, the lumen contains a large amount of mucinous-purulent secretion.
What would you see in Bronchiectasis
the lumen is dilated, the bronchi can be dissected up until the pleura.
What would you see in Pulmonarsclerosis
on the inner surface of the arteries there are … number, … mm sized yellowish plaques.
What would you see in Pulmonary embolism
the lumen of the primary/secondary/tertiary artery is occluded by a grayish-redish embolus, with rubbery consistency and dull surface.
What is the size of the spleen
150 g
What does the surface of the Spleen look like
The surface is smooth, shiny and glistening. The capsule is thin, it can be wrinkled
What does the cut surface of the spleen look like
The cut surface is deep red, the consistency is normal, there is no/minimal amount of scrape-off
What woudl you see in Hyaline spleen (chronic perisplenitis):
thick, confluent plaques thicken the capsule.
What would you see in acute congestion of the spleen
Slightly enlarged, capsule is tight, not wrinkable, moderate scrape-off.
What would you see in chronic congestion of the spleen
The spleen is enlarged, parenchyma is firm, fibrotic, no scrape-off.
What would you see in the spleen if there was Uremia, brain hemorrhage, and autolysis
the size of the spleen is normal, the parenchyma is soft, and there is a large amount of scrape-off.
What would you see int he spleen if there is sepsis
the spleen is enlarged, the parenchyma is soft, and there is a large amount of scrape-off.
What would you see in the spleen if there was Lymphoma/leukemia infiltration:
the spleen is greatly enlarged.
Optional: There are multiple 0,5-1 mm, white nodules diffusely in the parenchyma.
What is the noraml size of the kidney
The kidneys are normal in size (300 g together).
Surface of the Kidney
The fibrous capsule is easily removed, the surface is smooth / bears signs of fetal lobulation
Color and consistency of the kidney
The cut surface is reddish-brown, the border between the cortex and medulla is sharp.
Normal inside the kidney
The cortex is normal in thickness (5-10 mm), the medulla is preserved. The calyxes and the pyelon
is free, normal in diameter, the mucosa is pale.
Ureters
the ureters are free, normal in diameter, the mucosa is pale.
What do you see in Kidney congestion
on the surface the stellate veins are visible, the parenchyma is deep red.
What do you see with kidney stones
there are … number… cm coral-shaped stones filling the calyces.
At that area the mucosa is thickened and porcelain white/bright red.
What do you see in Kidney Anemic Infarction
Acute: on the cut surface there is a wedge shaped clay-yellow area with deep red/hemorrhagic border.
Old: there are one/few/multiple deep, stellar
shaped indentations on the surface, the parenchyma is thin, replaced by scar tissue.
What do you in Nephrosclerosis
(consequence of either chronic vascular or glomerular disorder):
surface is granulated, few small/ 1-2 mm thin walled cysts filled with yellowish, clear fluid, cortex is uneven in thickness, generally thin.
What do you see in Acute pyelonephritis:
The parenchyma is deep red, the cortex-medulla border is undefined, there are multiple small yellowish patches (=microabscesses).
What do you see in Chronic pyelonephritis:
There are numerous flat, roundish / asymmetrical
indentations on the surface, in the corresponding calyx the mucosa is thickened, porcelain white, the parenchyma is thin, replaced by scar tissue.
What do you see in shock kidney
The surface is pale, the cortex is pale (widened), and the medulla is deep red.
What do you see in Primary tumor (clear cell carcinoma) in the Kidney
There is a … cm large, round, well circumscribed, yellowish tissue with necrotic / hemorrhagic areas.
What is the eight of the brain
The brain is 1200-1250 g.
Normal surface of brain
he meninges are translucid, the gyri and the sulci are
normal.
The brain arteries have membranous wall, their lumen is free.
Cut surface of the brain
On cut surface the cortex is normal in thickness (5 mm), the brain tissue is soft, the structure is
preserved.
The hemispheres are symmetrical.
The ventricles are normal in diameter, filled with water-clear cerebrospinal fluid.
What is seen in brain edema
the meninges are edematous, hyperemic, the gyri are flattened, wide, the sulci are narrow and shallow.
The blood spots dissipate. The tissue has a soft
consistency.
There is a significant impression on the cerebellar tonsillae (=cerebellar herniation).
What is seen in Emolition /infarct in Brain
Acute: there is a … cm irregular area, where the tissue is semi-fluid/ very soft. The hemispheres are asymmetrical. There is hemorrhage on the edge
of the lesion.
Old: there is a … cm roundish, cystic cavity, filled with soft, yellowish mass/transparent fluid in the… area.
What is seen in a Brain hemorrhage: Parenchymatous
there is a … cm roundish area in the central region that is filled with coagulated blood.
(The blood continues in the ventricles.)
What is seen in Subarachnoidal Brain Hemorrhage
there is superficial bleeding on the basal area of the cerebellum-pons-cerebrum, covered by pia mater
What is seen in Brain Hemorrhage Epidural:
there is …. cm hematoma between the skull and the dura mater
What is seen in Subdural Brain Hemorrhage:
there is …. cm hematoma between the dura mater
and the pia mater.
What is seen in Primary brain tumor:
there is a …large poorly circumscribed soft grayish-yellovish mass in the white substance of the cerebrum.
The hemispheres are asymmetrical.
Metastatic brain tumor:
there are multiple well circumscribed nodules in the
cerebrum/cerebellum.
Meningioma (benign tumor of the meninges):
there is a … cm firm, grayish-white nodule in connection with the meninges/dura in the … region, which causes an impression in the underlying brain tissue.
On cut surface it is made up of whorly strands of grayish-white tissue.
small intestines
are normal in diameter, there is normal intestinal content in the lumen.
The wall is normal in thickness, the rugae are preserved, and the mucosa is pale.
The serosa is smooth, shiny and glistening.
large intestines
are normal in diameter, the lumen contains lumps of faeces.
The rugae are preserved, the mucosa is pale.
The serosa is smooth, shiny and glistening.
The appendix is … cm long, the structure is preserved.
Meckel diverticulum:
there is a … cm pouch in the ileum, covered by shiny serosa
Diverticulosis:
there are multiple small mucosal pouches containing impacted faeces in the (sigmoid) colon.
Acute appendicitis:
the serosa of the appendix is hyperemic/bright red.
There is a perforation on the appendix; an easily removable, thin grayish layer/pus/coagulated
blood covers the serosa.
Sessile polyp:
there is a … cm roundish (villous), grayish-brown outgrowth of the mucosa
Pedunculated polyp:
there is a … cm round outgrowth of the mucosa, that has a … mm stem/stalk.
Ulcerative colitis:
(The lumen is dilated.) the mucosa has large, shallow, ulcerated areas.
There are polypoid mucosal outgrowths on the edges of the ulcers (pseudo polyps).
Crohn’s disease:
the lumen is narrow, the wall is thickened, fibrotic.
The mucosa is hyperemic, deep longitudinal fissures result in a cobblestone appearance.
(There are fistulas connecting to intraabdomial abscesses and / or other intestinal loops.)
Colorectal carcinoma:
on the mucosa there is an exulcerated/polypoid (cauliflower-like)…. cm long segment that has raised edges, that cause no / partial/ complete obstruction of the lumen.
On the cut surface there is a grayish-white tissue infiltrating the wall of the bowel, it involves / does not involve the serosal and the perirectal / pericolic fat tissue.
What organs are in Neck complex:
aorta and branches
larynx
trachea
esophagus
thyroid gland)
Aorta
The aorta is normal in diameter, the lumen is free, and the inner surface is ivory.
The carotids are normal in diameter, the lumens are free, and the inner surfaces are ivory.
The bifurcation is free.
larynx
is normal in diameter, the lumen is free. The vocal cords are normal.
The trachea is free, normal in diameter, the mucosa is pale.
esophagus
is normal in diameter, the lumen is free, the mucosa is pale.
thyroid
is normal in size (~20 g, not weighed routinely), the cut surface is reddish-brown, glandular, has a colloid shine.
The parathyroids are not visible.
laringitis/tracheitis
the mucosa is red.
Optional: fibrinous/purulent
exsudation.
larynx Intubation decubitus:
there are… number deep ulcers penetrating to the level of/destroying the cartilage.
The surrounding mucosa is hyperemic.
Larynx primary tumor: Papilloma:
there is one/multiple papillary … cm growth on the mucosal surface
Larynx primary tumor: Carcinoma:
there is a … cm exulcerated area with raised edges
in the area of (vocal cords, etc.) on the right/left side.
On cut surface firm, grayish-white tissue infiltrates the wall, involving/ not involving the cartilage underneath.
Esophagus: Varicosity:
at the lower third of the esophagus, dilated, tortuous veins are visible through the mucosa.
Optional: One of the veins has ruptured, this area is covered with blood clots
GERD (gastro-esophageal reflux disease):
there are confluent reddish patches on the mucosa in the lower third of the esophagus.
Diffuse goiter:
both lobes are enlarged.
Nodular goiter:
the lobes are enlarged, consist of nodules of various size, separated by strands of grayish-white connective tissue.
The nodules have a colloid shine, some have calcified/fibrotic/hemorrhagic areas, and some are cystic (=colloid cyst).
Thyroid Adenoma:
solitary, encapsulated nodule.
thyroid Carcinoma (papillary):
poorly circumscribed-infiltrative, very hard, gray mass.
Optional: small foci of calcification.
What organs are in the liver complex
aorta
vena cava inferior
stomach
duodenum
bile ducts
gallbladder
pancreas
adrenals
liver
inferior vena cava
is normal in diameter, the lumen is free, and the inner surface is pearly.
The hepatic veins are free.
adrenals
are normal in size (combined ~10 g, not weighed routinely), have 1-2 mm thick sulfur yellow-brownish cortex and a gray medulla.
stomach
is normal in diameter, the wall is normal in thickness, the lumen contains small amount of partly digested food.
The rugae are preserved, the mucosa is pale.
The pylorus is normal in diameter.
duodenum
is normal in diameter, the lumen is free, the mucosa is bile colored.
bile ducts
are normal in diameter, the lumen is free, the mucosa is yellowish green
gallbladder
is normal in diameter, contains bile.
The mucosa is velvety, bile colored.
pancreas
is normal in size, reddish gray, glandular.
liver
is 1500 g;
the surface is smooth, shiny, glistening.
The edge is sharp.
The cut surface is reddish-brown, lobular.
Aorta Atherosclerotic aneurysm:
the lumen of the aorta is dilated (generally between the level of the a. renalis and the bifurcation),
Saccular: the dilatation ia spherical in shape and involve only a portion of the vessel wall.
Fusiform: the dilatation affect the total circumference.
Optional: the layers of the wall are separated, coagulated blood fills the space between them (dissected aneurysm).
Aorta Leriche-syndrome:
below the levels of the renal arteries multiple ulcerated plaques cover the surface.
There is thrombus formation on the plaques, which completely occludes/severely narrows the lumen of (the aorta) both iliacs.
aorta Mural thrombosis
(generally associated with aneurysm):
there is a layered/… cm large thrombus attached to the inner surface.
Aorta Budd-Chiari syndrome:
the lumens of the hepatic veins are occluded by thrombi.
Adrenal Cortical hyperplasia:
the cortex of the adrenals is nodular/uniformly thickened
Adrenal Adenoma:
in the … adrenal there is a … cm, round, sulfur yellow nodule, that is in connection with the cortex.
Adrenal Phaeochromocytoma:
there is a … cm, soft, grayish brown tumor in connection with the medulla.
adrenal Metastasis:
necrotic, firm, grayish tumor mass, often destructs the whole gland
Stomach: Erosion:
on the mucosa there are multiple, small, shallow cavities, the base are covered by partly digested (coffee-like) blood.
Peptic ulcer: Acute:
there is a … cm big, roundish, deep cavity (generally in the antrum-pylorus region).
The base of the ulcer is covered by digested blood (coffee-like).
Peptic Ulcer Chronic:
the base of the ulcer is lined by mucosa, the wall is fibrotic.
Stomach Carcinoma: Intestinal type:
on the mucosa there is a … cm asymmetrical ulcerated area with raised edges / asymmetrical polypoid outgrowth into the lumen.
Stomach Carcinoma Diffuse
type:
the wall is firm, thickened (=linitis plastica).
On cut surface there is a grayish white tissue involving the whole thickness of the wall.
Sometimes no visible ulcer is present.
Choledocholithiasis:
there is a … mm mixed / cholesterol/ pigment stone causing total / partial obstruction of the lumen.
The duct proximal to the obstruction is dilated.
Cholecystolithiasis:
there is a … mm mixed / cholesterol/ pigment stone in the lumen.
Cholesterolosis:
there is a golden yellow, filamentous pattern on the mucosa.
Billiary Tract Carcinoma:
the wall of the gallbladder is thickened by grayish white tissue, which extends continually to the liver.
Acute pancreatitis:
the pancreas is swollen, has many foci of chalk white material (fat necrosis).
Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis:
the pancreas is swollen, has many foci of chalk white material (fat necrosis), there are many confluent foci of hemorrhage in the parenchyma.
Chronic pancreatitis:
the pancreas is smaller, the consistency is firm, yellowish gray.
Optional: pseudocyst: in the pancreas there are … cm round cavity filled with yellowish fluid / necrotic material.
Pancreatic Carcinoma:
there is a poorly circumscribed/infiltrative, firm, grayish-white area in the head/body/tail of the pancreas.
Liver Chronic congestion:
the liver is enlarged, the edges are rounded, and the cut surface has a nutmeg pattern.
Liver Fatty degeneration:
the liver is enlarged, the edges are rounded, the cut surface is soft, yellow.
Liver Cirrhosis:
the liver is small / enlarged, the surface is uneven.
On the cut surface the whole parenchyma consists of 2-3 mm (=micronodular) or 1-2 cm (=macronodular)
nodules.
The consistency is firm, the cut surface is yellowish / greenish.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (generally in cirrhotic liver):
there is a large/ there are many … cm light brown / greenish, partly hemorrhagic nodule in the parenchyma.
The edge is lobulated, the consistency is soft.
Hepatic metastasis:
there are … number … cm, well-circumscribed, partly confluent, firm, grayish-white nodules (with necrotic center) in the parenchyma.
What organs are in the Pelvis Complex
rectum
bladder
ureters
uterus
fallopian tubes
ovaries/prostate
rectum
is normal in diameter, the lumen contains faces.
The mucosa is pale
bladder
is normal in size, filled with clear, yellowish fluid, the mucosa is pale
ureters
are normal in diameter, the lumens are free, and the mucosa is pale
Female genital tract
corresponds to age in size and development.
vagina
is normal in diameter, the lumen is free, and the mucosa is grayish white.
uterus
is normal in size
the surface of the exocervix is smooth, pale
the external orifice of the cervical canal is round/ fissure-like/ stellate shaped.
endometrium and myometrium
are normal in thickness, the myometrium is rubbery.
The fallopian tubes
are thin; the ovaries are of normal size (3 x 2 x 1,5 cm).
The cut surface is yellowish- white, corpora lutei or albicantes can be seen.
Male genital tract: The prostate
is normal in size, the cut surface is yellowish-white,
has a glandular structure, the consistency is muscle-like.
Hemorrhoids:
dilated, polypoid veins, filled by thrombi.
Urinary bladder: Acute urocystitis:
the mucosa is reddish, the lumen contains murky, yellowish fluid.
(catheter: there are multiple, circumscribed, 2-3 mm hemorrhages on the mucosa of the trigone / posterior wall.
Bladder Carcinoma:
there is a … cm sized papillary (partly necrotic, partly hemorrhagic) outgrowth from the mucosa.
Uterus: Carcinoma of the cervix:
there is a … cm large polypoid / exophytic outgrowth on the cervix, the surface is exulcerated.
The cut surface is grayish-white, the tumor invades
the tissue of the portio.
Uterine leiomyoma:
there is a submucosal/intramural/subserosal … cm grayish-white, firm nodule in the uterus.
The cut surface has a whorly appearance.
Endometrial carcinoma:
the endometrium is thickened, there are polypoid projections in the lumen.
On the cut surface grayish-white tissue invades the wall of the uterus.
Fallopian tubes/ovaries: Hydrosalpinx:
the lumen of the fallopian tube is dilated, filled with clear fluid.
Fallopian tubes/ovaries: Pyosalpinx:
the lumen of the fallopian tube is dilated, filled with pus.
Ovarian cyst:
there are … number, … cm large cavities with thin wall in the ovary, containing clear / yellowish / brownish fluid.
Cystic tumor of the ovary:
there is/are … number unilocular / multilocular cysts in the … ovary/ both ovaries.
(There are papillary projections in the lumen and/or on the outer surface of the cysty.)
The cysts contain serous / mucinous fluid.
Prostate Nodular hyperplasia:
the prostate is enlarged, on cut surface the parenchyma is made up of … cm elastic nodules.
Adenocarcioma of the prostate:
the… side of the prostate is asymmetrically enlarged.
There is a poorly circumscribed, homogenous, firm, grayish-white tissue infiltrating the surrounding soft tissues
