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Micro Minimum Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Which bacterium is the leading cause of neonatal meningitis?

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

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2
Q

What kind of disease can be caused by adenoviruses? (3 examples)

A
  • pharyngitis
  • pneumonia
  • pertussis syndrome
  • pharyngo-conjuctival fever
  • acute haemorrhagic cystitis
  • gastroenteritis
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3
Q

Characterisation of the dimorphic fungus

A

They grow like molds at room temperature and grow like yeast at body temperature.

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4
Q

What is the causative agent of leprosy?

A

Mycobacterium leprae.

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5
Q

Which bacteria can cause gas gangrene? (2 example)

A
  • Clostridium perfringens
  • Clostridium histolyticum
  • Clostridium septicum.
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6
Q

What is the treatment of diphyllobothriasis?

A

Niclosamide

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7
Q

What kind of devices can be used for anaerobic cultivation?

A
  • Anaerostate
  • Gas-pack jar
  • high agar
  • anaerobic chamber.
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8
Q

Treatment of balantidiasis?

A
  • metronidazole
  • tetracycline
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9
Q

What are the causative agents of Plaut-vincent angina?

A
  • Treponema vincentii
  • Fusobacteria.
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10
Q

How can the protozoa be classified?

A

By the type of movement:

  • amoeba
  • ciliate
  • flagellate
  • sporozoa
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11
Q

What can HHV-6 cause?

A
  • encephalitis
  • pneumonitis
  • chorioretinitis
  • exanthema subitum
  • roseola infantum
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12
Q

Which serotype of Haemophilus influenzae can cause invasive infection?

A

The Haemophilus influenzae with capsule „b” serotype.

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13
Q

Prevention of malaria by vaccine?

A

Available vaccine since 2018 against Plasmodium falciparum The content of the vaccine is a fusion protein.

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14
Q

What is the intermediate host of Taenia solium?

A

pig

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15
Q

What are the contents of the vaccines?

A
  • Live attenuated microbe
  • killed microbe
  • toxoid
  • antigens of the microbe.
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16
Q

Which helminths can develop hydatid cysts?

A
  • Echinococcus granulosus
  • Echinococcus multilocularis
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17
Q

Microscopic morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Gram-negative rod

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18
Q

Chemotherapeutic index?

A

dosis tolerata maxima (DTM)/dosis curativa minima (DCM)

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19
Q

What kind of bacterial infection can be treated by antitoxin? (2 example)

A

Infections caused by bacterial exotoxins:

  • tetanus
  • botulism
  • diphtheria
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20
Q

What is the treatment of filariasis?

A

diethyl carbamazin

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21
Q

What is the causative agent of erysipeloid?

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.

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22
Q

How can syphilis spread?

A
  • By sexual contact
  • transplacental
  • by blood transfusion
  • by organ transplantation.
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23
Q

What kind of disease can be caused by Leishmania sp.?

A
  • Cutan leishmaniosis
  • mucocutan leishmaniosis
  • visceral leishmaniosis
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24
Q

What is the vector of Borrelia recurrentis?

A

Body louse

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25
Q

How can the sleeping sickness spread?

A

By the bite of tsetse fly

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26
Q

What are the diseases caused by Bacillus anthracis? (2 examples)

A
  • Cutaneous anthrax
  • pulmonary anthrax
  • gastrointestinal anthrax.
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27
Q

Which bacteria can cause atypical pneumoniae?

A
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Chlamydophila pneumoniae
  • Legionella pneumophila.
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28
Q

Which bacterium can cause chronic gastritis or stomach ulcer?

A

Helicobacter pylori

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29
Q

Disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus? (3 example)

A
  • Folliculitis
  • furuncle
  • carbuncle
  • impetigo
  • pneumonia
  • osteomyelitis
  • food poisoning.
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30
Q

What kind of bacteria can cause flaccid paralysis?

A

Clostridium botulinum

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31
Q

What is the molecular background of relapsing fever?

A

Bacterial antigen changing.

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32
Q

Which bacterium is the causative agent of plague?

A

Yersinia pestis.

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33
Q

How long is cultivating of the causative agent of human tuberculosis on Lowenstein-Jensen culture media?

A

6-8 weeks.

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34
Q

What is the treatment of schstosomiasis?

A

praziquantel

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35
Q

When can be used non treponemal serological reactions during the infection?

A
  • RPR and VDRL is used to determine the stages of syphilis
  • to detect the reinfectionc
  • to control the effectiveness of the therapy
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36
Q

Colony morphology of Streptococcus pyogenes on blood agar plate (3)

A

Small
Pin-point colonies
Surrounded by large, strong beta-haemolytic zone

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37
Q

What is the causative agent of whooping cough?

A

Bordetella pertussis.

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38
Q

How can the Lyme diseases be diagnosed?

A
  • By serology
  • ELISA screening test

– for confirmation immunoblot is used.

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39
Q

How can tuberculosis be prevented?

A

BCG vaccine

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40
Q

What can HHV1 (Herpes simplex virus 1) cause?

A
  • herpes labialis
  • herpes simplex dermatitis
  • eczema herpeticum
  • herpes gladiatorum
  • herpetic whitlow
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41
Q

What kind of specimen can be sent to the microbiological diagnostic laboratory in the case of typical pneumonia?

A
  • Sputum
  • hemoculture
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42
Q

List at least two asexual spore type.

A
  • Blastopore
  • Arthrospore
  • Conidia
  • Spherule.
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43
Q

Which helminth can cause itchiness in anus?

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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44
Q

What is the treatment of Botulism?

A

Giving polyvalent antitoxin.

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45
Q

List at least 2 coagulase-negative staphylococcus species (from the list provided below)!

A
  • Staphylococcus epidermidis
  • Staphylococcus saprophyticus
  • Staphylococcus haemolyticus
  • Staphylococcus lugdunensis
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46
Q

List two Candida species.

A
  • Candida albicans
  • Candida tropicalis
  • Candida krusei
  • Candida glabrata
  • Candida parapsilosis.
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47
Q

What are the symptoms of balantidiasis?

A
  • dysentery with abdominal pain
  • tenesmus
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48
Q

What kind of disease can be caused by parvoviruses? (3 examples)

A
  • erythema infectiosum
  • hydrops fetalis
  • aplastic anaemia
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49
Q

Which vitamin deficiency can cause by Diphyllobothrium latum?

A

The lack of B12 vitamin

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50
Q

How can Caliciviruses spread and what can cause?

A
  • by faecal oral rout
  • by contaminated water
  • by aerosol.

Can cause diarrhea vomiting.

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51
Q

What kind of staining can be used to stain mycobacteria?

A

Ziehl-Neelsen staining.

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52
Q

List three causative agent of systemic mycosis

A
  • Coccidioides immitis
  • Histoplasma capsulatum
  • Blastomyces dermatitidis
  • Paracoccidoides immitis
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53
Q

What kind of tests can be performed from liquor in case of Neisseria meningitidis infection?

A
  • Microscopic examination
  • Gram-stain
  • latex agglutination.
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54
Q

What is the effect of the cholera toxin?

A
  • Increasing of the cAMP
  • enhancing the ion secretion
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55
Q

What is the first symptom in syphilis?

A

Ulcus durum – painless hard ulcer enlarged lymph nodes.

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56
Q

How can elephantiasis spread?

A

By mosquito bite

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57
Q

What kind of culture media can be used to cultivate Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A
  • Chocolate agar
  • Thayer Martin agar.
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58
Q

How can Hepatitis B virus infection treated?

A
  • interferon
  • nucleotide analogues
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59
Q

What are the facultative pathogenic mycobacteria? (2 examples)

A
  • Mycobacterium avium komplex
  • Mycobacterium kansasii
  • Mycobacterium marinum
  • Mycobacterium ulcerans.
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60
Q

Which species belongs to the Lancefield group A?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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61
Q

How many different kind (serotype) of capsule can be produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

94 (accepted answer: 90-100)

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62
Q

Colony morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Bacteria can produce water-soluble pigment that stain the culture media, the colonies have grape like smells.

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63
Q

What are the virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis? (2 examples)

A
  • Fimbria
  • pertussis toxin
  • pertactin
  • trachealcyto toxin
  • dermatonecrotic toxin.
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64
Q

How can malaria diagnose?

A
  • blood: thick droplet, thin film stained by Giemsa
  • IF
  • PCR
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65
Q

What is the treatment of leprosy?

A
  • Dapson
  • clofazamin
  • rifampicin.
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66
Q

How can rabies be prevented?

A

by vaccine administered post exposure

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67
Q

How can be diagnosed the infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis?

A

by sticky tape or Scotch tape

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68
Q

How can Hepatitis C virus spread?

A
  • parenteral way
  • blood
  • tattoos
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69
Q

How can be prevented the invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A
  • 23 valent polysaccharide capsule vaccine
  • 13 valent conjugated vaccine.
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70
Q

Which bacteria can cause human tuberculosis?( 3 examples)

A
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • mycobacterium bovis
  • Mycobacterium africanum.
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71
Q

What is the treatment of fascioliasis?

A
  • bithionol
  • triclabendazole
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72
Q

Which protozoa can spread by the bite of sand fly?

A

Leishmania sp.

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73
Q

What is the causative agent of erysipelas?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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74
Q

What is the causative agent of syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum

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75
Q

What does precipitation mean?

A

Serological reaction where the antigen is soluble (enzyme, toxin or virus particle).

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76
Q

What is the final host of Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Cats

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77
Q

Which helminth can cause paralytic ileus?

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

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78
Q

Which are the 2 most frequent human pathogenic Enterococcus species?

A
  • Eterococcus faecali
  • Enterococcus faecium
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79
Q

What is the most common causative agent of superficial mycosis?

A

Malassezia furfur

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80
Q

What is the causative agent of lymphatic filariasis, elephantiasis?

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

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81
Q

In which stage of the syphilis can appear rush all over the body?

A

2nd stage.

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82
Q

Which bacteria can be differentiated with the coagulase test?

A

Staphylococcus aureus(+) and the other staphylococcus species (-, so called „coagulase-negative staphylococci”)

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83
Q

How can Influenza viruses spread and what can cause? (3 examples)

A
  • By respiratory droplets.

Symptoms:

  • high fever
  • fatigue
  • muscle pain
  • head ache
  • gastrointestinal symptoms.
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84
Q

Diseases caused by coagulase negative staphylococci?

A
  • Nosocomial infections the biofilm production on the surface of plastic devices.
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85
Q

Which species belongs to the Lancefield group B?

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

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86
Q

What kind of diseases can be caused by fungi?

A
  • Allergic reactions
  • intoxications
  • mycosis (tissue damage of fungi)
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87
Q

Which protozoa can cause steatorrhea?

A

Giardia lamblia

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88
Q

What kind of diseases can be caused by Cryptosporidium parvum?

A

watery diarrhea which lasts to 1-2 week

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89
Q

What is the specific diagnosis of the syphilis?

A
  • ELISA
  • TPHA
  • TPPA
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90
Q

How can Hymenolepis nana infection treated?

A

Niclosamide

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91
Q

What are the development stages of the protozoa?

A

Trophozoit and cyst

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92
Q

What is the treatment of pseudomembranosus colitis?

A
  • ancomycin per os
  • metronidazole
  • faecal transplantation
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93
Q

What are the most important Actinomyces species? (1 example)

A
  • Actinomyces israelii
  • Actinomyces naeslundii
  • Actinomyces odontolyticus.
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94
Q

What is the effect of the bacterial AB exotoxins?

A

They are:

  • neurotoxins
  • protein synthesis inhibitors
  • ion secretion enhancers.
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95
Q

Which bacterial virulence factor is the causative agent of scarlet fever?

A
  • Streptococcus pyrogenic exotoxin
  • erythrogenic toxin
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96
Q

What is the treatment of listeriosis?

A

Ampicillin-gentamicin is the drug of choice.

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97
Q

What is the treatment of cryptosporidiosis?

A

Oral rehydration

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98
Q

Which helminths can suck blood?

A
  • Ancylostoma duodenale
  • Necator americanus
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99
Q

What is the cultivation temperature of the fungi?

A

25°C and 37°C to detect the dimorphism.

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100
Q

What kind of bacteria can caused spastic paralysis?

A

Clostridium tetani

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101
Q

What can JC and BK viruses cause? (1 example)

A
  • JC:

progressive multifocal leucopathia (PML)

  • BK:

haemorrhagic cystitis and nephropathy

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102
Q

How can the hydatid cysts treated?

A
  • By albendazole
  • surgical removing
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103
Q

What is the causative agent of Chagas diseases?

A

Trypansoma cruzi

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104
Q

How can chickenpox prevented?

A

By vaccine (live attenuated)

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105
Q

What is the causative agent of parrot fever?

A

Chlamydophila psittaci.

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106
Q

What does arbovirus mean?

A

arthropod born viruses.

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107
Q

What is the causative agent of trachoma?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis, serotype A-C.

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108
Q

What is the most common causative agent of community acquired pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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109
Q

Which E. coli can be toxin producer?(3 examples)

A
  • ETEC
  • EPEC
  • EAEC
  • EIEC
  • EHEC
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110
Q

What are the most frequent diseases caused by Pseudomas aeruginosa?

A
  • Nosocomial lung infections
  • wound
  • blood stream infections.
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111
Q

What is the causative agent of cholera?

A

Vibrio cholerae

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112
Q

What kind of diseases can be caused by Borrelia?

A
  • Lyme diseases
  • relapsing fever
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113
Q

Which bacteria can cause dental decay?

A
  • Lactobacilli
  • Streptococcus mutans.
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114
Q

What are the bacterial cell surface antigens?

A

O: cell wall

H: flagella

K: capsule

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115
Q

How can be treated the infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis?

A

By mebendazole

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116
Q

Which flukes can live in the intestinal venules?

A
  • Schistosoma mansoni
  • Schistosoma japonicum
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117
Q

What is the causative agent of scarlet fever?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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118
Q

What can Entamoeba histolytica cause?

A
  • amoebic dysentery
  • liver
  • lung
  • brain abscess
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119
Q

What are the source of the infection caused by dermatophytes?

A
  • Anthropophilic –human
  • geophilic –soil
  • zoophilic –animal
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120
Q

What is the causative agent of amoebic keratitis?

A

Acanthamoeba castellani.

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121
Q

What are the diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes in adults?

A
  • Gastrointestinal symptoms
  • meningitis
  • sepsis
  • endocarditis
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122
Q

Mode of action of the anti-fungal drugs?

A
  • Inhibition of ergosterin synthesis
  • pore formation on membrane
  • inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
  • inhibition of cell division
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123
Q

What can cause Nesseria gonorrhoeaein newborns?

A

Ophthalmoblenorrhoea neonatorum

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124
Q

What does MIC mean?

A

Minimal bacteriostatic concentration of an antibiotic measured in ug/ml.

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125
Q

What kind of specimen can be used to diagnose the Toxocara infection?

A

Blood for serology

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126
Q

What kind of diseases can be caused by low-risk group papilloma viruses?

A
  • condyloma acuminatum
  • warts
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127
Q

How can HHV1 and HHV2 infections treated?

A

by acyclovir

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128
Q

.What does nosocomial infection mean?

A

Infection occurred in hospital after 48 hours of the hospitalization.

129
Q

Detection of the presence of pyrogenic material in drugs?

A

LAL test

The blood of the horseshoe crab will coagulate in the presence of the LPS

130
Q

Definition: selective toxicity

A

the antibiotic has an effect only on the bacteria, but not on the human host

131
Q

How can Nocardia stain?

A
  • Gram-positive
  • Ziehl-Neelsen positive
132
Q

Prevention of malaria by chemoprophylaxis?

A
  • chloroquine
  • mefloquine
  • doxycycline
133
Q

Biological method used for checking the effectivity of the sterilization.

A

By Bacillus/Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores. If the procedure was performed in correct way, the spores cannot be cultivated.

134
Q

What is the treatment of taeniasis?

A
  • Niclosamide
  • mebendazole
135
Q

What kind of diseases can be caused by Nesseria gonorrhoeae?

A
  • Gonorrhoea
  • blenorrhoea neonatorum
  • proctitis
  • orchitis.
136
Q

What is the treatment of giardiasis?

A

Metronidazole

137
Q

What are the causative agents of impetigo contagiosa?

A
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
138
Q

Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors are: (2 example)

A
  • Quinolones
  • rifampicin
  • sulphonamide
  • trimethoprim.
139
Q

What is the causative of epidemic relapsing fever?

A

Borellia recurrentis.

140
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria (4 symptoms)?

A
  • periodic high fever
  • chills
  • head ache pain in joints and muscle
  • anaemia
  • hepato and splenomegaly
  • kidney failure
141
Q

What can HHV-7 cause?

A
  • encephalitis
  • flaccid paralysis
  • hepatitis
  • gastritis
  • lymphadenopathy
  • diarrhea
  • pityriasis rosea
142
Q

Which helminth can cause protein deficiency (Kwashiorkor syndrome)?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

143
Q

What kind of disease can be caused by Haemophillus ducreyi?

A

Ulcus molle (chancroid).

144
Q

What kind of disease can be caused by viridans group streptococci?

A
  • Dental decay
  • endocarditis.
145
Q

What is the intermediate host of Taenia saginata?

146
Q

What is the causative agent of Weil’s diseases?

A

Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae.

147
Q

Which bacteria can cause salmonellosis?

A
  • Salmonella Enteritidis
  • Salmonella Typhimurium
  • Salmonella Choleraesuis
148
Q

What is the treatment of diphtheria?

A
  • Passive immunisation
  • giving antibiotics
  • artificial ventilation if is necessary.
149
Q

What are the content (2 example) of Sabouraud culture media?

A

Antifungal agents against :

  • environmental molds
  • carbohydrates
  • antibiotics.
150
Q

What is the treatment of the Trichinella infection?

A
  • mebendazole
  • albendazole can acts only on intestinal helminth
151
Q

In which population can Toxoplasma cause serious disease?

A

In pregnant women and in immunocompromised population

152
Q

How many percentage of the adults are carrier of Staphylococcus. aureus?

153
Q

Which parameters can influence the effectivity of the sterilization?

A

The number of the germs, the resistance of the germs, the concentration of the disinfectants, the presence of the organic materials, the initial time, the presence of the biofilm.

154
Q

How can Balantidium coli spread?

A
  • fruits and vegetable contaminated by pig manure
  • by faecal oral route
155
Q

Which two bacteria can be differentiated based on their optochin sensitivity / resistance?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae - sensitive

viridans streptococci - resistant

156
Q

What kind of human diseases can be caused by Taenia solium? (2 example)

A
  • tape worm infection
  • cysticercus cellulosae
157
Q

What kind of vaccines can be used to prevent invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae

A
  • Prevenar-13: Streptococcus pneumoniae 13 type of capsule conjugated to toxoid –recommended for new-borns and in elderly
  • Pneumovax: Streptococcus pneumoniae23 type of capsule –recommended for adults and teenagers.
158
Q

What is the causative agent of amoebic dysentery?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

159
Q

How can malaria spread?

A
  • By the bite of Anopheles mosquito
  • transpalcental
  • transfusion
160
Q

How can Hepatitis B virus spread?

A
  • by parenteral way
  • by sexual contact
  • perinatal
161
Q

What is the causative agent of tularemia?

A

Francisella tularensis

162
Q

Glycopeptide antibiotics

A
  • vancomycin
  • teicoplanin
163
Q

What is the causative agent of fish tapeworm disease?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

164
Q

.Definitions: bacteriostatic bactericide

A

bacteriostatic: inhibits bacterial growth
bactericide: kills bacteria

165
Q

How can be prevented the invasive infections caused by Haemophilus influenzaestrains?

A

By Hib vaccine

166
Q

What is the treatment of the infection caused by Ancylostoma and Necator?

A
  • mebendazole
  • albendazole
167
Q

Microscopic morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

Gram-negative, non capsulated diplococci.

168
Q

Cell wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotics?

A
  • Penicillin
  • Cephalosporin
  • Carbapenem
  • Glycopeptide.
169
Q

Definitions: MBL, MACI, PACI

A

MBL: metallo-beta-lactamase (=carbapenemase)

MACI: multi-resistant Acinetobacterc

PACI: pan-resistant Acinetobacter

170
Q

What is the treatment of paragonimiasis?

A
  • praziquantel
  • bithionol
171
Q

What are the types of leprosy?

A
  • Tuberculoid leprosy
  • lepromatosus leprosy
172
Q

List two causative agent of dermato mycosis.

A
  • Trichopyton sp.
  • Microsporum sp.
  • Epidermophyton sp.
173
Q

What are the antiseptic agents?

A

Chemical agents used disinfection on animate (tissue, skin, mucous membrane) surfaces.

174
Q

What are the symptoms of paragonimiasis?

A
  • night sweats
  • fever
  • bloody sputum
  • chest pain
  • pleuritis
  • broncho pneumonia
175
Q

What is the treatment of Chagas disease?

A

Nifurtimox the chronic stage is untreatable

176
Q

What kind of culture media can be used to cultivate fungi?

A

Sabouraud culture media.

177
Q

What are the non-specific treponemal serological reactions?

A

RPR and VDRL

178
Q

Which two streptococcus species show 100% penicillin sensitivity still now?

A
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Streptococcus agalactiae
179
Q

What are the symptoms of sleeping sickness?

A
  • lethargy
  • meningoencephalitis
  • dementia
  • somnolence
  • coma
180
Q

What does MBC mean?

A

Minimal bactericidal concentration of an antibiotic measured in ug/ml.

181
Q

Which protozoon can cause prostatitis?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

182
Q

What kind of disease can be caused by Neisseria meningitidis?

A
  • Sepsis
  • Meningitis
  • Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.
183
Q

How can Rotaviruses spread and what can cause?

A

by fecal oral rout and can cause diarrhea and vomiting

184
Q

What is the most common source of the infection caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophila?

A
  • Nosocomial lung infection
  • sepsis.
185
Q

Which genera belongs to the Spirochaetales order?

A
  • Treponema
  • Borrelia
  • Leptospira.
186
Q

Parameters of the autoclaving?

A

+ 1 atm over pressure, 121°C, 20-30 minutes

134°C,+2 atm over pressure 10 minutes.

187
Q

How can Morbillivirus spread and what can cause?

A

by respiratory droplets

cause:

  • measles with exanthemas
  • Koplic spots.
188
Q

What are the diseases caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae? (3 example)

A
  • Lobar (Friedländer) pneumonia
  • wound infection
  • bloodstream infection
  • urinary tract infection
189
Q

Lit two 2 Trichophyton species.

A
  • Trichphyton rubrum
  • Trichphyton schonleinii
  • Trichphytonton surans
  • Trichphyton verrucosum
190
Q

Which bacteria belong to diphtheroid group? (2 examples)

A
  • Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum
  • Corynebacterium ulcerans
  • Corynebacterium minutissimum
  • Corynebacterium urealyticum.
191
Q

What kind of human disease can be caused by Toxocara canis?

A
  • visceral larva migrans
  • ocular larva migrans syndrome
192
Q

What is the treatment of toxoplasmosis?

A
  • Spiramycin
  • pyrimethamine combined with sulphonamide
193
Q

List 4 capsulated bacteria from the list below!

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Streptococcus agalactiae
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Escherichia coli
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Listeria monocytogenes
194
Q

How can spread the Chagas disease?

A

By the faeces of the kissing bug during the bite

195
Q

Colony morphology of Staphylococcus aureus on blood agar plate

A
  • Average size.
  • Round colonies with butter consistency.
  • Golden pigment production
  • Beta-haemolysis
196
Q

What are the protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotics? (3 example)

A
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Tetracycline
  • Macrolide
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Linezolid
197
Q

What are the fungal cell components? (3example)

A
  • Cytoplasmic membrane with ergosterin
  • cell wall build up by chitin
  • glucan
  • cellulose
198
Q

What is the most common source of the infection caused by Acinetobacter baumanii?

A

Hospital environment Nosicomial

199
Q

Treatment of leishmaniosis?

A

stibogluconate in combination with g-IFN and amphotericin-B

200
Q

How can Mumps virus spread and what are the symptoms?

A

by respiratory droplets.

Symptoms are:

  • inflammation of salivary gland
  • pancreatitis
  • orchitis
  • deafness
201
Q

What is the most important cultivable anaerobic member of the normal flora of the large bowel?

A

Bacteroides fragilis.

202
Q

What kind of diseases can be caused by dermatophytes? (3 example)

A
  • Tinea pedis
  • T. manus
  • T. capitis
  • T. corporis
  • T. faciei
  • T barbae.
203
Q

Which bacterium can cause „Honeymoon cystitis”?

A

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

204
Q

What is the vector of Lyme diseases?

205
Q

Which protozoon can spread by sexual contact?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

206
Q

When can develop neurosyphilis during the infection?

A

In all stages of the diseases can develop neuroyphilis.

207
Q

What is the spreading way of the plague?

A

By the bite of the rat flea, by respiratory droplets.

208
Q

What can Polio virus cause?

A
  • aseptic meningitis
  • poliomyelitis
  • post-polio syndrome
209
Q

How can be detected the toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

A
  • By Elek’s-test
  • Römer-test (in guinea pig).
210
Q

Which bacteria cannot have cell wall?

A
  • Mycoplasma
  • Ureaplasma
211
Q

What are the properties of the cyst?

A

Is responsible for surviving in unfavourable environment, not showing biochemical activity is a dormant structure

212
Q

How can HTLV-1 spread?

A
  • by sexual contact
  • by blood andtransplacental
  • by breast-feeding
213
Q

How can Neisseria meningitidis spread?

A

By respiratory droplets and will colonize the nasopharynx.

214
Q

What does MACI mean in microbiology?

A

Multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii

215
Q

Classification the fungi by morphology?

A
  • Unicellular or yeast
  • multicellular or mold
  • dimorphic
216
Q

How can the Lyme disease spread?

217
Q

What is the diagnosis of trichinellosis?

A

Serology from blood

218
Q

What are the causative agent of typhoid fever? (4 examples)

A
  • Salmonella Typhi
  • Salmonella Paratyphi A, B, C.
219
Q

What kind of post streptococcal infections can be caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?

A
  • Acute rheumatic fever
  • glomerulonephritis
220
Q

Which mycobacteria is apathogenic?

A

Mycobacterium smegmatis

221
Q

What can HHV-8 cause?

A
  • Kaposi-sarcoma
  • lymphoma
222
Q

What is characteristic for antibiotic sensitivity of Stenotrophomonas maltophila?

A

Multiresistant.

223
Q

How can parvo viruses spread?

A

by respiratory droplets

224
Q

What kind of disease can be caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serotype L1-L3?

A

Lymphogranuloma venereum.

225
Q

Chemical agents used for gas sterilization?

A
  • Etylene oxide
  • formaldehyde
  • beta-propiolacton
226
Q

What can Coxsackie A and B viruses cause?

A

Coxackie A:

  • herpangina
  • hand-foot-mouth disease
  • acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis

Coxackie B:

  • pleurodynia or Bronholm disease
  • myocarditis
  • pancreatitis
227
Q

Which streptococci show beta-haemolysis?

A
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Streptococcus agalactiae
228
Q

Which helminth can appear in subconjunctival region?

229
Q

How can Dengue-fever virus spread?

A

by mosquito bite.

230
Q

What does antibody titre mean?

A

The highest dilution fold or the lowest antibody concentration where we can see in vitro antigen-antibody reaction.

231
Q

What is the source of the infection caused by Leptospira?

A

Zoonotic diseases, can spread by the urine of animals.

232
Q

What are the most characteristic properties of the flukes? (3 example)

A
  • short
  • flat
  • leaf shaped
  • hermaphrodites
  • do developed digestive system
233
Q

Which population is at risk during the Rubella virus infection?

A

pregnant women because can cause in utero infections (congenital rubella syndrome)

234
Q

Microscopic morphology of Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Gram-positive diplococci

235
Q

What kind of staining can be used in mycology? (2 example)

A
  • Gram
  • methylene blue
  • India ink
  • PAS
  • Gömöri-Grocott staining.
236
Q

List two members of Flaviviruses.

A
  • Yellow-fever virus
  • Dengue-fever virus
  • tick born encephalitis virus
  • Zika-virus
237
Q

Which streptococci show alpha-haemolysis?

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • viridans streptococci (e.g. Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus salivarius)
238
Q

What kind of disease can be caused in new-borns by Streptococcus agalactiae?

A

In new born:

  • meningitis
  • sepsis
  • pneumonia.
239
Q

How can Hepatitis A virus spread?

A
  • by faecal oral rout
  • by contaminated food
  • by contaminated water
240
Q

What is the treatment of malaria?

A
  • chloroquine
  • mefloquine
  • artemisin
  • hypnozoites by primaquine
241
Q

What are the characteristic properties of the meningitis caused by Leptospira?

A

Serosus, non-purulent.

242
Q

What is the causative agent of trachoma?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis A,B,C

243
Q

What kind of specimen can be sent to the microbiology diagnostic laboratory in the case of atypical pneumonia?

A
  • Blood
  • urine
  • broncho-alveolar lavage
244
Q

How can spread the causative agent of yellow fever?

A
  • by mosquito bite
  • from human to human
  • from monkey to human.
245
Q

What kind of extra intestinal disease can be caused by Escherichia coli?

A
  • Urinary tract infections
  • neonatal meningitis
  • sepsis.
246
Q

What does ESBL mean?

A

Extended spectrum of beta lactamase enzyme.

247
Q

Parameters of the hot-air sterilization cupboard protocol?

A

180°C; 1 hour

160°C; 2 hours

140°C; 3 hours.

248
Q

What can HHV2 (Herpes simplex virus 2) cause?

A
  • herpes genitalis
  • neonatal herpes
  • encephalitis
249
Q

What are the non-toxic virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus? (3 example)

A
  • Protein A
  • endocoagulase (clumping factor)
  • exocoagulase
  • adhesins
  • teicoic acid
  • hialuronidase
  • protease
  • lipase
  • DN-ase.
250
Q

What can Rhinoviruses cause?

A
  • sore throat
  • running nose
  • coughing
251
Q

What kind of diseases can be caused by high-risk group papilloma viruses?

A
  • cervix cancer
  • tumor in oral cavity
252
Q

What does sterilization mean?

A

Killing procedure of any kind of germs.

253
Q

.Diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus exotoxins? (2 example)

A
  • Food poisoning
  • scalded skin syndrome
  • toxic shock syndrome
254
Q

What are the diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes?

A
  • Meningitis
  • sepsis
  • granulomatosis infantiseptica
255
Q

What kind of information can we get by light microscopically examination? (3 example)

A
  • The size of the microbe
  • the shape of the microbe
  • the motility
  • the staining can be examined.
256
Q

What kind of Vibrio species can cause human diseases? (3 examples)

A
  • Vibrio cholera
  • Vibrio parahaemolyticus
  • Vibrio vulnificus.
257
Q

Which 3 vaccines contain capsular polysaccharide?

A
  • Hib (against Haemophilus influenzaetype b)
  • Prevenar / Pneumovax (against 13 / 23 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae)
  • meningococcus vaccines (against serotypes ACWY) –but not B
258
Q

The solutions of the Gram-stain?

A

Sodium oxalate crystal violet iodine solution 96% of ethanol fuchsine or safranin

259
Q

The theoretical background of plasma sterilization?

A

Hydrogen-peroxide in high electric field will form plasma stage. The produced free radicals will kill the microbes. At the end of the procedure will be produced water, oxygen and other nontoxic products

260
Q

What are the characteristic biochemical properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Obligate aerobic, oxidase positive.

261
Q

What are the causative agent of Human African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)?

A
  • Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
  • Trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense
262
Q

What are the causative agents of Lyme disease? (2 examples)

A
  • Borrelia burgdorferi
  • Borrelia afzelli
  • Borrelia garini
263
Q

List three causative agent of opportunistic mycosis.

A
  • Candida sp
  • Cryptococcus neoformans
  • Pneumocystis jirovecii
  • Aspergillus sp.
  • Penicillium sp.
  • Mucor sp.
  • Rhizopus sp
264
Q

How can Molluscum contagiosum virus spread and what can cause?

A

by direct contact and cause benign tumor of the skin

265
Q

What kind of disease can be caused by Bacillus cereus?

A
  • Food poisoning (vomiting, diarrhea)
  • wound infection.
266
Q

What can be do prophylactic with the contact person who suffering by Neisseria meningitidis infection?

A

Chemoprophylaxis by rifampicin or ciprofloxacin.

267
Q

What does iatrogenic infection mean?

A

Infection caused by medical staff during the investigation or treatment.

268
Q

What is the causative agent of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

269
Q

What does serological reaction mean?

A

Reaction based on the antigen-antibody reaction performed in vitro.

270
Q

What does native examination of the microbe mean in microbiology?

A

The microbe is examined without killing procedure.

271
Q

What is the treatment of the diseases cause by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Multiresistant so treatment is based on antibiogram.

272
Q

How can Hepatitis E virus spread and what can cause?

A
  • by contaminated water
  • by raw pig and boar meat
  • rarely by blood transfusion and transplacental

Can cause acute hepatitis.

273
Q

Classification of the helminths by morphology?

A

Flatworms: flukes and tapeworms

roundworms

274
Q

What are the properties of the trophozoit?

A

Can move, feed, multiply and die

275
Q

How can Legionella pneumophila spread?

A

By aerosol

276
Q

What is the causative agent of Ophtalmoblenorrhoea neonatorum?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

277
Q

Microscopic morphology of Neisseria meningitidis?

A

Gram-negative, capsulated, diplococci.

278
Q

List two amoebas.

A
  • Entamoaeba sp.
  • Acantamoeba sp.
  • Naegleria sp.
279
Q

What is the first symptom of Lyme diseases?

A

Erythema chronicum migrans Bull’s eye rash

280
Q

What can EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) cause?

A
  • mononucleosis infectiosa
  • Burkitt lymphoma
  • nasopharingeal carcinoma
  • oral hairy leucoplakia
281
Q

Which fluke can live in the bladder venules?

A

Schistosoma haematobium

282
Q

Diseases caused by Streptococcus pyogenes are (3 examples):

A
  • Pharyngitis
  • tonsillitis
  • sinusitis
  • impetigo
  • erysipelas
  • necrotizing fasciitis
  • scarlet fever
  • TSST
283
Q

What is the causative agent of the lung fluke disease?

A

Paragonimus westermani

284
Q

Which helminth can cause river blindness and elephant skin?

A

Onchocerca volvulus

285
Q

What kind of helminthic infection can spread from carnivore animals to humans?

A

Trichinella spiralis

286
Q

Membrane function alternating antibiotics are:

A

Polymyxines

287
Q

Classification of the mycosis?

A
  • Superficial
  • cutaneous
  • subcutaneous
  • systemic
  • opportunistic mycosis.
288
Q

Antibiotic resistance mechanism are:

A

Enzymatic degradation or modification of the antibiotics, efflux pump, modifying of the antibiotic binding site

289
Q

What are the toxic virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus?

A
  • Leucocidin
  • toxic shock syndrome toxin
  • exfoliative toxin
  • enterotoxin
  • haemolysin
290
Q

What is the treatment of HIV infection?

A

By combination of nucleotide analogue and protease inhibitors

291
Q

What kind of capsule is produced by Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

hyaluronic acid

292
Q

What kind of complication may develop during measles?

A
  • pneumonia
  • encephalitis
  • SSPE: subacute sclerotizing panencephalitis
293
Q

What is the causative agent of dysentery? (2 examples)

A
  • Shigella dysenteriae
  • Shigella flexneri
  • Shigella sonnei.
294
Q

What can VZV (Varicella Zooster virus) cause?

A
  • chickenpox
  • shingles
295
Q

What is the diagnosis of Legionellosis?

A
  • By serology from blood
  • by immune chromatography from urine.
296
Q

What is the causative agent of primary amoebic meningo-encephalitis?

A

Naegleria fowleri.

297
Q

What is the causative agent of diphtheria?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

298
Q

What does MRSA mean?

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

299
Q

Which helminth can cause diarrhea by prolapses of rectum?

A

Trichuris trichiura
(Whipworm)

300
Q

What is the causative agent of rabies?

A

Lyssa virus.

301
Q

What is the causative agent of pseudomembranosus colitist?

A

Clostridium difficile

302
Q

What can CMV (Cytomegalovirus) cause?

A
  • hepatitis
  • pancreatitis
  • pneumonitis
  • nephritis
  • myocarditis
  • encephalitis
  • chorioretinitis
  • esophagitis
  • colitis
  • congenital infections
303
Q

What are the causative agents of human brucellosis? (2 examples)

A
  • Brucella abortus
  • Brucella melitensis
  • Brucellasuis
  • Brucella canis
304
Q

What does disinfection mean?

A

Procedure where the number of the germs are reduced to a safety level.

305
Q

Which fungus can cause subcutaneous mycosis?

A

Sporothrix shenkii

306
Q

In which stages is syphilis contagious?

A

1st and 2nd stages and in the first 2 years of the latency. At 3rd stage only in utero infections may occur.

307
Q

What does agglutination mean?

A

Serological reaction where the antigen is cell mediated.

308
Q

How can leishmaniosis diagnose?

A

Giemsa-staining of biopsied material

309
Q

What are the disinfectants?

A

Chemical agents used on inanimate/non-living surfaces.

310
Q

List two diseases caused by prions

A
  • kuru
  • Creutzfeldt–Jacob-syndrome
  • bovine spongiform encephalitis
  • fatal familiar insomnia
311
Q

What is the causative agent of typhus exanthematicus?

A

Rickettsia prowaczekii

312
Q

Three possible ways of horizontal gene transfer

A
  • conjugation (plasmid)
  • transduction (bacteriophage)
  • transformation (uptake of naked DNA from the environment)
313
Q

Microscopic morphology of Staphylococci

A

Gram-positive cocci, arranged in grape-like structures

314
Q

What is the most common intermediate host of the flukes?

A

water snail

315
Q

What are the blood flukes?

A
  • Schistosoma mansoni
  • Schistosoma japonicum
  • Schistosoma haematobium
316
Q

What is the causative agent of fascioliasis?

A

Fasciola hepatica

317
Q

Which bacteria can be differentiated with the catalase test?

A

Staphylococci (+) and Streptococci (-)

318
Q

What is the treatment of sleeping sickness?

A
  • Suramin
  • melarsoprol
319
Q

What is the causative agent of Q-fever?

A

Coxiella burnettii

ÅJJB Year 3 (6 decks)

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