Micro Minimum Questions Flashcards
1
Q
Which bacterium is the leading cause of neonatal meningitis?
A
Streptococcus agalactiae
2
Q
What kind of disease can be caused by adenoviruses? (3 examples)
A
- pharyngitis
- pneumonia
- pertussis syndrome
- pharyngo-conjuctival fever
- acute haemorrhagic cystitis
- gastroenteritis
3
Q
Characterisation of the dimorphic fungus
A
They grow like molds at room temperature and grow like yeast at body temperature.
4
Q
What is the causative agent of leprosy?
A
Mycobacterium leprae.
5
Q
Which bacteria can cause gas gangrene? (2 example)
A
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium histolyticum
- Clostridium septicum.
6
Q
What is the treatment of diphyllobothriasis?
A
Niclosamide
7
Q
What kind of devices can be used for anaerobic cultivation?
A
- Anaerostate
- Gas-pack jar
- high agar
- anaerobic chamber.
8
Q
Treatment of balantidiasis?
A
- metronidazole
- tetracycline
9
Q
What are the causative agents of Plaut-vincent angina?
A
- Treponema vincentii
- Fusobacteria.
10
Q
How can the protozoa be classified?
A
By the type of movement:
- amoeba
- ciliate
- flagellate
- sporozoa
11
Q
What can HHV-6 cause?
A
- encephalitis
- pneumonitis
- chorioretinitis
- exanthema subitum
- roseola infantum
12
Q
Which serotype of Haemophilus influenzae can cause invasive infection?
A
The Haemophilus influenzae with capsule „b” serotype.
13
Q
Prevention of malaria by vaccine?
A
Available vaccine since 2018 against Plasmodium falciparum The content of the vaccine is a fusion protein.
14
Q
What is the intermediate host of Taenia solium?
A
pig
15
Q
What are the contents of the vaccines?
A
- Live attenuated microbe
- killed microbe
- toxoid
- antigens of the microbe.
16
Q
Which helminths can develop hydatid cysts?
A
- Echinococcus granulosus
- Echinococcus multilocularis
17
Q
Microscopic morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
A
Gram-negative rod
18
Q
Chemotherapeutic index?
A
dosis tolerata maxima (DTM)/dosis curativa minima (DCM)
19
Q
What kind of bacterial infection can be treated by antitoxin? (2 example)
A
Infections caused by bacterial exotoxins:
- tetanus
- botulism
- diphtheria
20
Q
What is the treatment of filariasis?
A
diethyl carbamazin
21
Q
What is the causative agent of erysipeloid?
A
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.
22
Q
How can syphilis spread?
A
- By sexual contact
- transplacental
- by blood transfusion
- by organ transplantation.
23
Q
What kind of disease can be caused by Leishmania sp.?
A
- Cutan leishmaniosis
- mucocutan leishmaniosis
- visceral leishmaniosis
24
Q
What is the vector of Borrelia recurrentis?
A
Body louse
25
How can the sleeping sickness spread?
By the bite of tsetse fly
26
What are the diseases caused by Bacillus anthracis? (2 examples)
- Cutaneous anthrax
- pulmonary anthrax
- gastrointestinal anthrax.
27
Which bacteria can cause atypical pneumoniae?
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae
- Legionella pneumophila.
28
Which bacterium can cause chronic gastritis or stomach ulcer?
Helicobacter pylori
29
Disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus? (3 example)
- Folliculitis
- furuncle
- carbuncle
- impetigo
- pneumonia
- osteomyelitis
- food poisoning.
30
What kind of bacteria can cause flaccid paralysis?
Clostridium botulinum
31
What is the molecular background of relapsing fever?
Bacterial antigen changing.
32
Which bacterium is the causative agent of plague?
Yersinia pestis.
33
How long is cultivating of the causative agent of human tuberculosis on Lowenstein-Jensen culture media?
6-8 weeks.
34
What is the treatment of schstosomiasis?
praziquantel
35
When can be used non treponemal serological reactions during the infection?
- RPR and VDRL is used to determine the stages of syphilis
- to detect the reinfectionc
- to control the effectiveness of the therapy
36
Colony morphology of Streptococcus pyogenes on blood agar plate (3)
Small
Pin-point colonies
Surrounded by large, strong beta-haemolytic zone
37
What is the causative agent of whooping cough?
Bordetella pertussis.
38
How can the Lyme diseases be diagnosed?
- By serology
- ELISA screening test
-- for confirmation immunoblot is used.
39
How can tuberculosis be prevented?
BCG vaccine
40
What can HHV1 (Herpes simplex virus 1) cause?
- herpes labialis
- herpes simplex dermatitis
- eczema herpeticum
- herpes gladiatorum
- herpetic whitlow
41
What kind of specimen can be sent to the microbiological diagnostic laboratory in the case of typical pneumonia?
- Sputum
- hemoculture
42
List at least two asexual spore type.
- Blastopore
- Arthrospore
- Conidia
- Spherule.
43
Which helminth can cause itchiness in anus?
Enterobius vermicularis
44
What is the treatment of Botulism?
Giving polyvalent antitoxin.
45
List at least 2 coagulase-negative staphylococcus species (from the list provided below)!
- Staphylococcus epidermidis
- Staphylococcus saprophyticus
- Staphylococcus haemolyticus
- Staphylococcus lugdunensis
46
List two Candida species.
- Candida albicans
- Candida tropicalis
- Candida krusei
- Candida glabrata
- Candida parapsilosis.
47
What are the symptoms of balantidiasis?
- dysentery with abdominal pain
- tenesmus
48
What kind of disease can be caused by parvoviruses? (3 examples)
- erythema infectiosum
- hydrops fetalis
- aplastic anaemia
49
Which vitamin deficiency can cause by Diphyllobothrium latum?
The lack of B12 vitamin
50
How can Caliciviruses spread and what can cause?
- by faecal oral rout
- by contaminated water
- by aerosol.
Can cause diarrhea vomiting.
51
What kind of staining can be used to stain mycobacteria?
Ziehl-Neelsen staining.
52
List three causative agent of systemic mycosis
- Coccidioides immitis
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- Blastomyces dermatitidis
- Paracoccidoides immitis
53
What kind of tests can be performed from liquor in case of Neisseria meningitidis infection?
- Microscopic examination
- Gram-stain
- latex agglutination.
54
What is the effect of the cholera toxin?
- Increasing of the cAMP
- enhancing the ion secretion
55
What is the first symptom in syphilis?
Ulcus durum – painless hard ulcer enlarged lymph nodes.
56
How can elephantiasis spread?
By mosquito bite
57
What kind of culture media can be used to cultivate Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
- Chocolate agar
- Thayer Martin agar.
58
How can Hepatitis B virus infection treated?
- interferon
- nucleotide analogues
59
What are the facultative pathogenic mycobacteria? (2 examples)
- Mycobacterium avium komplex
- Mycobacterium kansasii
- Mycobacterium marinum
- Mycobacterium ulcerans.
60
Which species belongs to the Lancefield group A?
Streptococcus pyogenes
61
How many different kind (serotype) of capsule can be produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
94 (accepted answer: 90-100)
62
Colony morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Bacteria can produce water-soluble pigment that stain the culture media, the colonies have grape like smells.
63
What are the virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis? (2 examples)
- Fimbria
- pertussis toxin
- pertactin
- trachealcyto toxin
- dermatonecrotic toxin.
64
How can malaria diagnose?
- blood: thick droplet, thin film stained by Giemsa
- IF
- PCR
65
What is the treatment of leprosy?
- Dapson
- clofazamin
- rifampicin.
66
How can rabies be prevented?
by vaccine administered post exposure
67
How can be diagnosed the infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis?
by sticky tape or Scotch tape
68
How can Hepatitis C virus spread?
- parenteral way
- blood
- tattoos
69
How can be prevented the invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
- 23 valent polysaccharide capsule vaccine
- 13 valent conjugated vaccine.
70
Which bacteria can cause human tuberculosis?( 3 examples)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- mycobacterium bovis
- Mycobacterium africanum.
71
What is the treatment of fascioliasis?
- bithionol
- triclabendazole
72
Which protozoa can spread by the bite of sand fly?
Leishmania sp.
73
What is the causative agent of erysipelas?
Streptococcus pyogenes
74
What is the causative agent of syphilis?
Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum
75
What does precipitation mean?
Serological reaction where the antigen is soluble (enzyme, toxin or virus particle).
76
What is the final host of Toxoplasma gondii?
Cats
77
Which helminth can cause paralytic ileus?
Strongyloides stercoralis
78
Which are the 2 most frequent human pathogenic Enterococcus species?
- Eterococcus faecali
- Enterococcus faecium
79
What is the most common causative agent of superficial mycosis?
Malassezia furfur
80
What is the causative agent of lymphatic filariasis, elephantiasis?
Wuchereria bancrofti
81
In which stage of the syphilis can appear rush all over the body?
2nd stage.
82
Which bacteria can be differentiated with the coagulase test?
Staphylococcus aureus(+) and the other staphylococcus species (-, so called „coagulase-negative staphylococci”)
83
How can Influenza viruses spread and what can cause? (3 examples)
- By respiratory droplets.
Symptoms:
- high fever
- fatigue
- muscle pain
- head ache
- gastrointestinal symptoms.
84
Diseases caused by coagulase negative staphylococci?
- Nosocomial infections the biofilm production on the surface of plastic devices.
85
Which species belongs to the Lancefield group B?
Streptococcus agalactiae
86
What kind of diseases can be caused by fungi?
- Allergic reactions
- intoxications
- mycosis (tissue damage of fungi)
87
Which protozoa can cause steatorrhea?
Giardia lamblia
88
What kind of diseases can be caused by Cryptosporidium parvum?
watery diarrhea which lasts to 1-2 week
89
What is the specific diagnosis of the syphilis?
- ELISA
- TPHA
- TPPA
90
How can Hymenolepis nana infection treated?
Niclosamide
91
What are the development stages of the protozoa?
Trophozoit and cyst
92
What is the treatment of pseudomembranosus colitis?
- ancomycin per os
- metronidazole
- faecal transplantation
93
What are the most important Actinomyces species? (1 example)
- Actinomyces israelii
- Actinomyces naeslundii
- Actinomyces odontolyticus.
94
What is the effect of the bacterial AB exotoxins?
They are:
- neurotoxins
- protein synthesis inhibitors
- ion secretion enhancers.
95
Which bacterial virulence factor is the causative agent of scarlet fever?
- Streptococcus pyrogenic exotoxin
- erythrogenic toxin
96
What is the treatment of listeriosis?
Ampicillin-gentamicin is the drug of choice.
97
What is the treatment of cryptosporidiosis?
Oral rehydration
98
Which helminths can suck blood?
- Ancylostoma duodenale
- Necator americanus
99
What is the cultivation temperature of the fungi?
25°C and 37°C to detect the dimorphism.
100
What kind of bacteria can caused spastic paralysis?
Clostridium tetani
101
What can JC and BK viruses cause? (1 example)
- JC:
progressive multifocal leucopathia (PML)
- BK:
haemorrhagic cystitis and nephropathy
102
How can the hydatid cysts treated?
- By albendazole
- surgical removing
103
What is the causative agent of Chagas diseases?
Trypansoma cruzi
104
How can chickenpox prevented?
By vaccine (live attenuated)
105
What is the causative agent of parrot fever?
Chlamydophila psittaci.
106
What does arbovirus mean?
arthropod born viruses.
107
What is the causative agent of trachoma?
Chlamydia trachomatis, serotype A-C.
108
What is the most common causative agent of community acquired pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
109
Which E. coli can be toxin producer?(3 examples)
- ETEC
- EPEC
- EAEC
- EIEC
- EHEC
110
What are the most frequent diseases caused by Pseudomas aeruginosa?
- Nosocomial lung infections
- wound
- blood stream infections.
111
What is the causative agent of cholera?
Vibrio cholerae
112
What kind of diseases can be caused by Borrelia?
- Lyme diseases
- relapsing fever
113
Which bacteria can cause dental decay?
- Lactobacilli
- Streptococcus mutans.
114
What are the bacterial cell surface antigens?
O: cell wall
H: flagella
K: capsule
115
How can be treated the infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis?
By mebendazole
116
Which flukes can live in the intestinal venules?
- Schistosoma mansoni
- Schistosoma japonicum
117
What is the causative agent of scarlet fever?
Streptococcus pyogenes
118
What can Entamoeba histolytica cause?
- amoebic dysentery
- liver
- lung
- brain abscess
119
What are the source of the infection caused by dermatophytes?
- Anthropophilic –human
- geophilic –soil
- zoophilic –animal
120
What is the causative agent of amoebic keratitis?
Acanthamoeba castellani.
121
What are the diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes in adults?
- Gastrointestinal symptoms
- meningitis
- sepsis
- endocarditis
122
Mode of action of the anti-fungal drugs?
- Inhibition of ergosterin synthesis
- pore formation on membrane
- inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
- inhibition of cell division
123
What can cause Nesseria gonorrhoeaein newborns?
Ophthalmoblenorrhoea neonatorum
124
What does MIC mean?
Minimal bacteriostatic concentration of an antibiotic measured in ug/ml.
125
What kind of specimen can be used to diagnose the Toxocara infection?
Blood for serology
126
What kind of diseases can be caused by low-risk group papilloma viruses?
- condyloma acuminatum
- warts
127
How can HHV1 and HHV2 infections treated?
by acyclovir
128
.What does nosocomial infection mean?
Infection occurred in hospital after 48 hours of the hospitalization.
129
Detection of the presence of pyrogenic material in drugs?
LAL test
The blood of the horseshoe crab will coagulate in the presence of the LPS
130
Definition: selective toxicity
the antibiotic has an effect only on the bacteria, but not on the human host
131
How can Nocardia stain?
- Gram-positive
- Ziehl-Neelsen positive
132
Prevention of malaria by chemoprophylaxis?
- chloroquine
- mefloquine
- doxycycline
133
Biological method used for checking the effectivity of the sterilization.
By Bacillus/Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores. If the procedure was performed in correct way, the spores cannot be cultivated.
134
What is the treatment of taeniasis?
- Niclosamide
- mebendazole
135
What kind of diseases can be caused by Nesseria gonorrhoeae?
- Gonorrhoea
- blenorrhoea neonatorum
- proctitis
- orchitis.
136
What is the treatment of giardiasis?
Metronidazole
137
What are the causative agents of impetigo contagiosa?
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Streptococcus pyogenes
138
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors are: (2 example)
- Quinolones
- rifampicin
- sulphonamide
- trimethoprim.
139
What is the causative of epidemic relapsing fever?
Borellia recurrentis.
140
What are the symptoms of malaria (4 symptoms)?
- periodic high fever
- chills
- head ache pain in joints and muscle
- anaemia
- hepato and splenomegaly
- kidney failure
141
What can HHV-7 cause?
- encephalitis
- flaccid paralysis
- hepatitis
- gastritis
- lymphadenopathy
- diarrhea
- pityriasis rosea
142
Which helminth can cause protein deficiency (Kwashiorkor syndrome)?
Ascaris lumbricoides
143
What kind of disease can be caused by Haemophillus ducreyi?
Ulcus molle (chancroid).
144
What kind of disease can be caused by viridans group streptococci?
- Dental decay
- endocarditis.
145
What is the intermediate host of Taenia saginata?
cattle
146
What is the causative agent of Weil’s diseases?
Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae.
147
Which bacteria can cause salmonellosis?
- Salmonella Enteritidis
- Salmonella Typhimurium
- Salmonella Choleraesuis
148
What is the treatment of diphtheria?
- Passive immunisation
- giving antibiotics
- artificial ventilation if is necessary.
149
What are the content (2 example) of Sabouraud culture media?
Antifungal agents against :
- environmental molds
- carbohydrates
- antibiotics.
150
What is the treatment of the Trichinella infection?
- mebendazole
- albendazole can acts only on intestinal helminth
151
In which population can Toxoplasma cause serious disease?
In pregnant women and in immunocompromised population
152
How many percentage of the adults are carrier of Staphylococcus. aureus?
20-30%
153
Which parameters can influence the effectivity of the sterilization?
The number of the germs, the resistance of the germs, the concentration of the disinfectants, the presence of the organic materials, the initial time, the presence of the biofilm.
154
How can Balantidium coli spread?
- fruits and vegetable contaminated by pig manure
- by faecal oral route
155
Which two bacteria can be differentiated based on their optochin sensitivity / resistance?
Streptococcus pneumoniae - sensitive
viridans streptococci - resistant
156
What kind of human diseases can be caused by Taenia solium? (2 example)
- tape worm infection
- cysticercus cellulosae
157
What kind of vaccines can be used to prevent invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Prevenar-13: Streptococcus pneumoniae 13 type of capsule conjugated to toxoid –recommended for new-borns and in elderly
- Pneumovax: Streptococcus pneumoniae23 type of capsule –recommended for adults and teenagers.
158
What is the causative agent of amoebic dysentery?
Entamoeba histolytica
159
How can malaria spread?
- By the bite of Anopheles mosquito
- transpalcental
- transfusion
160
How can Hepatitis B virus spread?
- by parenteral way
- by sexual contact
- perinatal
161
What is the causative agent of tularemia?
Francisella tularensis
162
Glycopeptide antibiotics
- vancomycin
- teicoplanin
163
What is the causative agent of fish tapeworm disease?
Diphyllobothrium latum
164
.Definitions: bacteriostatic bactericide
bacteriostatic: inhibits bacterial growth
bactericide: kills bacteria
165
How can be prevented the invasive infections caused by Haemophilus influenzaestrains?
By Hib vaccine
166
What is the treatment of the infection caused by Ancylostoma and Necator?
- mebendazole
- albendazole
167
Microscopic morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Gram-negative, non capsulated diplococci.
168
Cell wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotics?
- Penicillin
- Cephalosporin
- Carbapenem
- Glycopeptide.
169
Definitions: MBL, MACI, PACI
MBL: metallo-beta-lactamase (=carbapenemase)
MACI: multi-resistant Acinetobacterc
PACI: pan-resistant Acinetobacter
170
What is the treatment of paragonimiasis?
- praziquantel
- bithionol
171
What are the types of leprosy?
- Tuberculoid leprosy
- lepromatosus leprosy
172
List two causative agent of dermato mycosis.
- Trichopyton sp.
- Microsporum sp.
- Epidermophyton sp.
173
What are the antiseptic agents?
Chemical agents used disinfection on animate (tissue, skin, mucous membrane) surfaces.
174
What are the symptoms of paragonimiasis?
- night sweats
- fever
- bloody sputum
- chest pain
- pleuritis
- broncho pneumonia
175
What is the treatment of Chagas disease?
Nifurtimox the chronic stage is untreatable
176
What kind of culture media can be used to cultivate fungi?
Sabouraud culture media.
177
What are the non-specific treponemal serological reactions?
RPR and VDRL
178
Which two streptococcus species show 100% penicillin sensitivity still now?
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Streptococcus agalactiae
179
What are the symptoms of sleeping sickness?
- lethargy
- meningoencephalitis
- dementia
- somnolence
- coma
180
What does MBC mean?
Minimal bactericidal concentration of an antibiotic measured in ug/ml.
181
Which protozoon can cause prostatitis?
Trichomonas vaginalis
182
What kind of disease can be caused by Neisseria meningitidis?
- Sepsis
- Meningitis
- Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.
183
How can Rotaviruses spread and what can cause?
by fecal oral rout and can cause diarrhea and vomiting
184
What is the most common source of the infection caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophila?
- Nosocomial lung infection
- sepsis.
185
Which genera belongs to the Spirochaetales order?
- Treponema
- Borrelia
- Leptospira.
186
Parameters of the autoclaving?
+ 1 atm over pressure, 121°C, 20-30 minutes
134°C,+2 atm over pressure 10 minutes.
187
How can Morbillivirus spread and what can cause?
by respiratory droplets
cause:
- measles with exanthemas
- Koplic spots.
188
What are the diseases caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae? (3 example)
- Lobar (Friedländer) pneumonia
- wound infection
- bloodstream infection
- urinary tract infection
189
Lit two 2 Trichophyton species.
- Trichphyton rubrum
- Trichphyton schonleinii
- Trichphytonton surans
- Trichphyton verrucosum
190
Which bacteria belong to diphtheroid group? (2 examples)
- Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Corynebacterium minutissimum
- Corynebacterium urealyticum.
191
What kind of human disease can be caused by Toxocara canis?
- visceral larva migrans
- ocular larva migrans syndrome
192
What is the treatment of toxoplasmosis?
- Spiramycin
- pyrimethamine combined with sulphonamide
193
List 4 capsulated bacteria from the list below!
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Streptococcus agalactiae
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Escherichia coli
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Listeria monocytogenes
194
How can spread the Chagas disease?
By the faeces of the kissing bug during the bite
195
Colony morphology of Staphylococcus aureus on blood agar plate
- Average size.
- Round colonies with butter consistency.
- Golden pigment production
- Beta-haemolysis
196
What are the protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotics? (3 example)
- Aminoglycosides
- Tetracycline
- Macrolide
- Chloramphenicol
- Linezolid
197
What are the fungal cell components? (3example)
- Cytoplasmic membrane with ergosterin
- cell wall build up by chitin
- glucan
- cellulose
198
What is the most common source of the infection caused by Acinetobacter baumanii?
Hospital environment Nosicomial
199
Treatment of leishmaniosis?
stibogluconate in combination with g-IFN and amphotericin-B
200
How can Mumps virus spread and what are the symptoms?
by respiratory droplets.
Symptoms are:
- inflammation of salivary gland
- pancreatitis
- orchitis
- deafness
201
What is the most important cultivable anaerobic member of the normal flora of the large bowel?
Bacteroides fragilis.
202
What kind of diseases can be caused by dermatophytes? (3 example)
- Tinea pedis
- T. manus
- T. capitis
- T. corporis
- T. faciei
- T barbae.
203
Which bacterium can cause „Honeymoon cystitis”?
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
204
What is the vector of Lyme diseases?
Tick
205
Which protozoon can spread by sexual contact?
Trichomonas vaginalis
206
When can develop neurosyphilis during the infection?
In all stages of the diseases can develop neuroyphilis.
207
What is the spreading way of the plague?
By the bite of the rat flea, by respiratory droplets.
208
What can Polio virus cause?
- aseptic meningitis
- poliomyelitis
- post-polio syndrome
209
How can be detected the toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
- By Elek’s-test
- Römer-test (in guinea pig).
210
Which bacteria cannot have cell wall?
- Mycoplasma
- Ureaplasma
211
What are the properties of the cyst?
Is responsible for surviving in unfavourable environment, not showing biochemical activity is a dormant structure
212
How can HTLV-1 spread?
- by sexual contact
- by blood andtransplacental
- by breast-feeding
213
How can Neisseria meningitidis spread?
By respiratory droplets and will colonize the nasopharynx.
214
What does MACI mean in microbiology?
Multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii
215
Classification the fungi by morphology?
- Unicellular or yeast
- multicellular or mold
- dimorphic
216
How can the Lyme disease spread?
tick bite
217
What is the diagnosis of trichinellosis?
Serology from blood
218
What are the causative agent of typhoid fever? (4 examples)
- Salmonella Typhi
- Salmonella Paratyphi A, B, C.
219
What kind of post streptococcal infections can be caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?
- Acute rheumatic fever
- glomerulonephritis
220
Which mycobacteria is apathogenic?
Mycobacterium smegmatis
221
What can HHV-8 cause?
- Kaposi-sarcoma
- lymphoma
222
What is characteristic for antibiotic sensitivity of Stenotrophomonas maltophila?
Multiresistant.
223
How can parvo viruses spread?
by respiratory droplets
224
What kind of disease can be caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serotype L1-L3?
Lymphogranuloma venereum.
225
Chemical agents used for gas sterilization?
- Etylene oxide
- formaldehyde
- beta-propiolacton
226
What can Coxsackie A and B viruses cause?
Coxackie A:
- herpangina
- hand-foot-mouth disease
- acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis
Coxackie B:
- pleurodynia or Bronholm disease
- myocarditis
- pancreatitis
227
Which streptococci show beta-haemolysis?
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Streptococcus agalactiae
228
Which helminth can appear in subconjunctival region?
Loa-loa
229
How can Dengue-fever virus spread?
by mosquito bite.
230
What does antibody titre mean?
The highest dilution fold or the lowest antibody concentration where we can see in vitro antigen-antibody reaction.
231
What is the source of the infection caused by Leptospira?
Zoonotic diseases, can spread by the urine of animals.
232
What are the most characteristic properties of the flukes? (3 example)
- short
- flat
- leaf shaped
- hermaphrodites
- do developed digestive system
233
Which population is at risk during the Rubella virus infection?
pregnant women because can cause in utero infections (congenital rubella syndrome)
234
Microscopic morphology of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram-positive diplococci
235
What kind of staining can be used in mycology? (2 example)
- Gram
- methylene blue
- India ink
- PAS
- Gömöri-Grocott staining.
236
List two members of Flaviviruses.
- Yellow-fever virus
- Dengue-fever virus
- tick born encephalitis virus
- Zika-virus
237
Which streptococci show alpha-haemolysis?
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- viridans streptococci (e.g. Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus salivarius)
238
What kind of disease can be caused in new-borns by Streptococcus agalactiae?
In new born:
- meningitis
- sepsis
- pneumonia.
239
How can Hepatitis A virus spread?
- by faecal oral rout
- by contaminated food
- by contaminated water
240
What is the treatment of malaria?
- chloroquine
- mefloquine
- artemisin
- hypnozoites by primaquine
241
What are the characteristic properties of the meningitis caused by Leptospira?
Serosus, non-purulent.
242
What is the causative agent of trachoma?
Chlamydia trachomatis A,B,C
243
What kind of specimen can be sent to the microbiology diagnostic laboratory in the case of atypical pneumonia?
- Blood
- urine
- broncho-alveolar lavage
244
How can spread the causative agent of yellow fever?
- by mosquito bite
- from human to human
- from monkey to human.
245
What kind of extra intestinal disease can be caused by Escherichia coli?
- Urinary tract infections
- neonatal meningitis
- sepsis.
246
What does ESBL mean?
Extended spectrum of beta lactamase enzyme.
247
Parameters of the hot-air sterilization cupboard protocol?
180°C; 1 hour
160°C; 2 hours
140°C; 3 hours.
248
What can HHV2 (Herpes simplex virus 2) cause?
- herpes genitalis
- neonatal herpes
- encephalitis
249
What are the non-toxic virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus? (3 example)
- Protein A
- endocoagulase (clumping factor)
- exocoagulase
- adhesins
- teicoic acid
- hialuronidase
- protease
- lipase
- DN-ase.
250
What can Rhinoviruses cause?
- sore throat
- running nose
- coughing
251
What kind of diseases can be caused by high-risk group papilloma viruses?
- cervix cancer
- tumor in oral cavity
252
What does sterilization mean?
Killing procedure of any kind of germs.
253
.Diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus exotoxins? (2 example)
- Food poisoning
- scalded skin syndrome
- toxic shock syndrome
254
What are the diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes?
- Meningitis
- sepsis
- granulomatosis infantiseptica
255
What kind of information can we get by light microscopically examination? (3 example)
- The size of the microbe
- the shape of the microbe
- the motility
- the staining can be examined.
256
What kind of Vibrio species can cause human diseases? (3 examples)
- Vibrio cholera
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus
- Vibrio vulnificus.
257
Which 3 vaccines contain capsular polysaccharide?
- Hib (against Haemophilus influenzaetype b)
- Prevenar / Pneumovax (against 13 / 23 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- meningococcus vaccines (against serotypes ACWY) –but not B
258
The solutions of the Gram-stain?
Sodium oxalate crystal violet iodine solution 96% of ethanol fuchsine or safranin
259
The theoretical background of plasma sterilization?
Hydrogen-peroxide in high electric field will form plasma stage. The produced free radicals will kill the microbes. At the end of the procedure will be produced water, oxygen and other nontoxic products
260
What are the characteristic biochemical properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Obligate aerobic, oxidase positive.
261
What are the causative agent of Human African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)?
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
- Trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense
262
What are the causative agents of Lyme disease? (2 examples)
- Borrelia burgdorferi
- Borrelia afzelli
- Borrelia garini
263
List three causative agent of opportunistic mycosis.
- Candida sp
- Cryptococcus neoformans
- Pneumocystis jirovecii
- Aspergillus sp.
- Penicillium sp.
- Mucor sp.
- Rhizopus sp
264
How can Molluscum contagiosum virus spread and what can cause?
by direct contact and cause benign tumor of the skin
265
What kind of disease can be caused by Bacillus cereus?
- Food poisoning (vomiting, diarrhea)
- wound infection.
266
What can be do prophylactic with the contact person who suffering by Neisseria meningitidis infection?
Chemoprophylaxis by rifampicin or ciprofloxacin.
267
What does iatrogenic infection mean?
Infection caused by medical staff during the investigation or treatment.
268
What is the causative agent of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome?
Neisseria meningitidis
269
What does serological reaction mean?
Reaction based on the antigen-antibody reaction performed in vitro.
270
What does native examination of the microbe mean in microbiology?
The microbe is examined without killing procedure.
271
What is the treatment of the diseases cause by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Multiresistant so treatment is based on antibiogram.
272
How can Hepatitis E virus spread and what can cause?
- by contaminated water
- by raw pig and boar meat
- rarely by blood transfusion and transplacental
Can cause acute hepatitis.
273
Classification of the helminths by morphology?
Flatworms: flukes and tapeworms
roundworms
274
What are the properties of the trophozoit?
Can move, feed, multiply and die
275
How can Legionella pneumophila spread?
By aerosol
276
What is the causative agent of Ophtalmoblenorrhoea neonatorum?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
277
Microscopic morphology of Neisseria meningitidis?
Gram-negative, capsulated, diplococci.
278
List two amoebas.
- Entamoaeba sp.
- Acantamoeba sp.
- Naegleria sp.
279
What is the first symptom of Lyme diseases?
Erythema chronicum migrans Bull's eye rash
280
What can EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) cause?
- mononucleosis infectiosa
- Burkitt lymphoma
- nasopharingeal carcinoma
- oral hairy leucoplakia
281
Which fluke can live in the bladder venules?
Schistosoma haematobium
282
Diseases caused by Streptococcus pyogenes are (3 examples):
- Pharyngitis
- tonsillitis
- sinusitis
- impetigo
- erysipelas
- necrotizing fasciitis
- scarlet fever
- TSST
283
What is the causative agent of the lung fluke disease?
Paragonimus westermani
284
Which helminth can cause river blindness and elephant skin?
Onchocerca volvulus
285
What kind of helminthic infection can spread from carnivore animals to humans?
Trichinella spiralis
286
Membrane function alternating antibiotics are:
Polymyxines
287
Classification of the mycosis?
- Superficial
- cutaneous
- subcutaneous
- systemic
- opportunistic mycosis.
288
Antibiotic resistance mechanism are:
Enzymatic degradation or modification of the antibiotics, efflux pump, modifying of the antibiotic binding site
289
What are the toxic virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus?
- Leucocidin
- toxic shock syndrome toxin
- exfoliative toxin
- enterotoxin
- haemolysin
290
What is the treatment of HIV infection?
By combination of nucleotide analogue and protease inhibitors
291
What kind of capsule is produced by Streptococcus pyogenes?
hyaluronic acid
292
What kind of complication may develop during measles?
- pneumonia
- encephalitis
- SSPE: subacute sclerotizing panencephalitis
293
What is the causative agent of dysentery? (2 examples)
- Shigella dysenteriae
- Shigella flexneri
- Shigella sonnei.
294
What can VZV (Varicella Zooster virus) cause?
- chickenpox
- shingles
295
What is the diagnosis of Legionellosis?
- By serology from blood
- by immune chromatography from urine.
296
What is the causative agent of primary amoebic meningo-encephalitis?
Naegleria fowleri.
297
What is the causative agent of diphtheria?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
298
What does MRSA mean?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
299
Which helminth can cause diarrhea by prolapses of rectum?
Trichuris trichiura
(Whipworm)
300
What is the causative agent of rabies?
Lyssa virus.
301
What is the causative agent of pseudomembranosus colitist?
Clostridium difficile
302
What can CMV (Cytomegalovirus) cause?
- hepatitis
- pancreatitis
- pneumonitis
- nephritis
- myocarditis
- encephalitis
- chorioretinitis
- esophagitis
- colitis
- congenital infections
303
What are the causative agents of human brucellosis? (2 examples)
- Brucella abortus
- Brucella melitensis
- Brucellasuis
- Brucella canis
304
What does disinfection mean?
Procedure where the number of the germs are reduced to a safety level.
305
Which fungus can cause subcutaneous mycosis?
Sporothrix shenkii
306
In which stages is syphilis contagious?
1st and 2nd stages and in the first 2 years of the latency. At 3rd stage only in utero infections may occur.
307
What does agglutination mean?
Serological reaction where the antigen is cell mediated.
308
How can leishmaniosis diagnose?
Giemsa-staining of biopsied material
309
What are the disinfectants?
Chemical agents used on inanimate/non-living surfaces.
310
List two diseases caused by prions
- kuru
- Creutzfeldt–Jacob-syndrome
- bovine spongiform encephalitis
- fatal familiar insomnia
311
What is the causative agent of typhus exanthematicus?
Rickettsia prowaczekii
312
Three possible ways of horizontal gene transfer
- conjugation (plasmid)
- transduction (bacteriophage)
- transformation (uptake of naked DNA from the environment)
313
Microscopic morphology of Staphylococci
Gram-positive cocci, arranged in grape-like structures
314
What is the most common intermediate host of the flukes?
water snail
315
What are the blood flukes?
- Schistosoma mansoni
- Schistosoma japonicum
- Schistosoma haematobium
316
What is the causative agent of fascioliasis?
Fasciola hepatica
317
Which bacteria can be differentiated with the catalase test?
Staphylococci (+) and Streptococci (-)
318
What is the treatment of sleeping sickness?
- Suramin
- melarsoprol
319
What is the causative agent of Q-fever?
Coxiella burnettii
