Pathology- Cases Flashcards
A FNA sample is taken of a skin lump:
Identify what process is going on?
Is this malignant or benign?
Papilloma - benign
A FNA sample is taken of a skin lump:
Identify what process is going on?
Is this malignant or benign?
Adenoma - benign
A FNA sample is taken of a skin lump:
Identify what process is going on?
Is this malignant or benign?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma - malignant
A FNA sample is taken of a skin lump:
Identify what process is going on?
Is this malignant or benign?
Adenocarcinoma - malignant
A FNA sample is taken of a skin lump:
Identify what process is going on?
Is this malignant or benign?
Histiocytoma - Benign
A FNA sample is taken of a skin lump:
Identify what process is going on?
Is this malignant or benign?
Plasmacytoma - benign
A FNA sample is taken of a skin lump:
Identify what process is going on?
Is this malignant or benign?
Mast Cell Tumour - malignant
A FNA sample is taken of a skin lump:
Identify what process is going on?
Is this malignant or benign?
Lymphoma - malignant
A FNA sample is taken of a skin lump:
Identify what process is going on?
Is this malignant or benign?
Malignant myeloma - malignant
A FNA sample is taken of a skin lump:
Identify what process is going on?
Is this malignant or benign?
Lymphadenitis - benign
A FNA sample is taken of a skin lump:
Identify what process is going on?
Is this malignant or benign?
Fibroma - benign
A FNA sample is taken of a skin lump:
Identify what process is going on?
Is this malignant or benign?
Leiomyoma - benign
A FNA sample is taken of a skin lump:
Identify what process is going on?
Is this malignant or benign?
Sarcoma - malignant
A FNA sample is taken of a skin lump:
Identify what process is going on?
Is this malignant or benign?
Melanoma - malignant
A FNA sample is taken of a skin lump:
Identify what process is going on?
Is this malignant or benign?
Fibrosarcoma - malignant
A FNA sample is taken of a skin lump:
Identify what process is going on?
Is this malignant or benign?
Hemangiosarcoma - malignant
A FNA sample is taken of a skin lump:
Identify what process is going on?
Is this malignant or benign?
Lipoma - benign
Identify the cell type
i.e. round cell, RBC
Epithelial: Squame (surface)
Identify the cell type
i.e. round cell, RBC
Epithelial: Basal (surface)
Identify the cell type
i.e. round cell, RBC
Epithelial: Transitional (surface)
Identify the cell type
i.e. round cell, RBC
Epithelial: Hair follicle (surface)
Identify the cell type
i.e. round cell, RBC
Epithelial: Apocrine (glandular)
Identify the cell type
i.e. round cell, RBC
Epithelial: Exocrine (glandular)
Identify the cell type
i.e. round cell, RBC
Round: Lymphocyte
Identify the cell type
i.e. round cell, RBC
Round: Mast cell
Identify the cell type
i.e. round cell, RBC
Round: Plasma cell
Identify the cell type
i.e. round cell, RBC
Round: Histiocyte
Identify the cell type
i.e. round cell, RBC
Mesenchymal: Fibrocyte
Identify the cell type
i.e. round cell, RBC
Mesenchymal: Muscle cell / myocyte
Identify the cell type
i.e. round cell, RBC
Mesenchymal: Osteoblast
Identify the cell type
i.e. round cell, RBC
Mesenchymal: Endothelial cell
What USG value would be considered hyposthenuric?
Less than 1.008
What USG value would be considered concentrated?
1.030 depending on species
What physical properties of urine are examined?
- Colour
- Turbidity
- Odour
- USG
What chemical properties of urine are examined?
- pH
- Protein
- Glucose
- Ketones
- Bilirubin
- Blood
What are casts?
Protein or cell collections moulded in lumens of tubules.
What do casts indicate?
Tubular damage
Outline causes of neutrophilia.
- Inflammation
- Steriods
- Physiological
- Leukaemia
- Paraneoplastic
How do steriods cause neutrophilia?
Glucocorticoids, reased due to: stress, treatment or HAC, causes demargination. This increases the number of circulating neutrophils, and decreases the number bound.
How do physiological facotors cause neutrophilia?
Adrenaline causes demargination.
What is a left shift?
Where immature neutrophis are released from the marrow storage pool cells.
What can cause a left shift?
- Endotoxemia
- Acute infection
- Hypoxia
- Glucocorticoids
What is a right shift?
Neutrophils can’t leave the circulation to die. As a result, more mature/aged neutrophils remain in circulation.
What cytological signs indicate mature/aged neutrophils?
Hyper-segmented (5 or more) nuclear lobes
When is a right shift obserbed?
Chronic steriod therapy.
Chronic HAC
What do toxic neutrophils indicate?
Rapid neutropoiesis
Sometimes: parvo, IMHA, neoplasia.
They are a prognostic indicator.
What are the key features of a toxic neutrophil seen in cytology?
- Foamy cytoplasm
- Diffuse cytoplasmic basophilia
- Dohle bodies
- Asynchronus nuclear maturation.
Outline some of the causes of neutropenia
Inflammation
Infections
Toxicity
Neoplasm
Marrow necrosis
Outline the interpretation of neutropenia in acute inflammation for Dogs, horses and cows.
Dogs- indicates a very severe lesion
Horses - probably a severe lesion
Cows- Typical in inflammation regardless of severity.
What is pancytopenia?
Low levels of neutrophils, platlets and RBCs.
Outline causes of lymphocytosis.
Catecholamine mediated (via splenic contraction)
Chronic inflammation
Young animals and recent vaccination
Hypo AC
Outline causes of lymphopenia
Stress/steroid
Acute inflammation
Loss of lymph
Cytotoxic drugs
Lymphoma
Causes of monocytosis
Inflammation
Stress/steriod
Leaukaemia
Outline causes of eosinophilia
Hypersensitivity
Parasitism
Hypo AC
Neoplasm
Idiopathic
Outline causes of eosinopenia
Stress/steriods
Inflammation
What is polycythaemia?
Increase in PCV, Hgb concentration and RBC count
What is poikilocytosis?
Abnormal RBCs
What is serous inflammation?
Inflammation with exudation of fluid with a low concentration of plasma protein and no to low numbers of leukocytes
What is fibrinous inflammation?
Fibrinous inflammation
Inflammation with exudation of fibrinogen and fluid, and formation of thick, friable, loosely adherent fibrin.
What is purulent inflammation
Purulent inflammation
Inflammation with production
of pus, viscous to creamy
liquid, an exudate consisting of
degenerated and necrotic
neutrophils, debris and fluid. It
is typically associated to
bacterial infections
What is Haemorrhagic inflammation?
Inflammation with vascular damage, loss of integrity of endothelium and/or
extensive tissue necrosis, with leakage of red blood cells.
What inflammation is shown here?
Serous inflammation
What inflammation is this?
Fibrinous inflammation
What inflammation is this?
Purulent inlammation
What inflammation is this?
Haemorrhagic inflammation
What are the main cell types involved in chronic inflammation?
Macrophages
M1 or M2 cells
Give examples of chronic inflammation.
▪ Without a clear Pathogen:
▪ Atopic Dermatitis
▪ Inflammatory bowel disease
▪ Toxic agent
With a clear Pathogen
▪ Parasitic
▪ Fungal
▪ Neoplastic
What does this histology image depict?
Granulomatous lesion
