Imaging

Question 1

What are the views taken of the thorax (2)?

Answer 1

Dorsoventral and right lateral recumbency

Question 2

What are the views taken of the abdomen (2)?

Answer 2

Ventrodorsal and right lateral recumbency

Question 3

What are the two views of the elbow?

Answer 3

Mediolateral and craniocaudal

Question 4

What are the views of the pelvis?

Answer 4

Extended ventrodorsal

Question 5

What are the two views of the stifle?

Answer 5

Mediolateral and caudocranial

Question 6

What are the two views of the shoulder?

Answer 6

Mediolateral and cranialcaudal

Question 7

What are the two views of the lumbar spine?

Answer 7

Ventrodorsal and right lateral recumbency

Question 8

What is mA?

Answer 8

Determines the number of x-ray photons (does not affect contrast)

Question 9

What is kV?

Answer 9

Determines the number and energy of the X-ray photos (high kV = low contrast)

Question 10

What are the benefits of collimating?

Answer 10

Radiation safety
Reduces scatter
Improves image quality

Question 11

What is a diagnostic image?

Answer 11

An image that accurately represents the anatomy of the patient and allows us to make a diagnosis.

Question 12

What are orthogonal views?

Answer 12

Need to be taken as x-ray is 2D image.
Another image at 90 degrees provides more information.

Question 13

What is the controlled area when taking an x-ray?

Answer 13

X-ray room or field -> with signage and warning lights to prevent people from entering

Question 14

What is the supervised area when taking an x-ray?

Answer 14

Room or area next door -> should ideally be empty

Question 15

Why is distance important?

Answer 15

Inverse square law -> double the distance, quarter the exposure

Question 16

What is the main problem with large animal radiography?

Answer 16

Horizontal beam -> attention to safety when planing

Question 17

What are the standard views in equine radiography?

Answer 17

1. Lateromedial
2. Carpus/tarsus and below - dorsopalmer/planter
3. Above carpus/tarsus = craniocaudal

Question 18

What are the two oblique views?

Answer 18

Dorsolateral palmaro/plantaromedial
Dorsomedial palmaro/plantarolateral

Question 19

What does Dorsolateral-palmaromedial highlight?

Answer 19

Dorsomedial palmarolateral

Question 20

What does the dorsomedial palamarolateral highlight?

Answer 20

Dorsolateral palmarmedial

Question 21

What does the dorsopalmer view highlight?

Answer 21

Medial and lateral aspects

Question 22

How you describe white on images in x-ray, CT, MRI and Ultrasound

Answer 22

X-ray = high density
CT = hypoattentuation
MRI = high intensity
Ultrasound = high echogenicity

Question 23

Explain frequency and penetration in ultrasound

Answer 23

High frequency = high resolution but poor depth of penetration

Low frequency = low resolution but good depth of penetration

Question 24

What colour is fluid on T2 and T1?

Answer 24

T1 = fluid is black
T2 = fluid is white

Question 25

When to use radiography/CT and MRI?

Answer 25

Radiography/CT = bone detail, movement artefact, incompatible with MRI MRI = soft tissue

Question 26

What are flexible scopes uses?

Answer 26

GI endoscope Bronchoscope Nasopharyngeal Urethroscopy in males

Question 27

What are the limitation of a flexible endoscope?

Answer 27

- Scope might not be long enough - Small diameter so can only get small instruments down them - Fiddly - Hard to grasp FB - Biopsy cannot be smaller than 2.8mm

Question 28

When would you use a rigid endoscope?

Answer 28

Rhinoscopy Arthroscopy Cystoscope in bitches Laparoscope

Question 29

What are the advantages of rigid endoscope?

Answer 29

- Cheaper and less prone to damage - Superior image compared to flexible - Larger instruments to be used

Question 30

What are the limitations of rigid endoscope?

Answer 30

- Risk of causing damage and mucosal bleeding (rigid = damage patients, flexible = damage scope) - Unable to manoeuvre anatomical bends - No ability to insufflate with air sufficiently