Pathology Flashcards
normal/norm
any tissue or organ functionally intact, free from disorder, and capable of sustaining its function
anomally
deviation from the norm that is non-lethal and does not significantly change function
pathology
deviation from the norm that comprises and restricts function of a tissue/organ
skeletal evidence of disease
- not all diseases will affect the skeleton and not all diseases that can affect the skeleton will do so in all people
- skeletal reactions to disease tend to be generalized
how can disease affect the bone?
- formation
- destruction
- density
- size
- shape
lytic lesions
abnormal destruction of cells
blastic/sclerotic lesions
abnormal growth of cells
periosteal reaction
- formation of new bone in response to injury of or other stimuli to the periosteum surrounding the bone
- can be caused by a tumor, infection, trauma, certain drugs, and some abnormal metabolic conditions
osteomyelitis
- any infection of bone and tissue
- bone may enlarge and form bone buttresses/sheaths, drainage channels for pus, and/or islands of dead bone
- infection that moved to the bone
infectious disease
- may be bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic
- bone response is slow
syphilis
- caused by venereal tereponemal infection
- only in the third stage
- affects periosteal new bone
- affects bones closest to the skin, like frontal, nasal aperture, tibia, ribs, and sternum
caries sicca
- syphilis symptoms
- cavities formed and bones try to build around it
saber tibia
- syphilis symptoms
- new bone added to the bone to give it a bowing look
Tuberculosis
- an airborne bacterial disease
- may result in lytic lesions, vertebral collapse, little to zero bone formation near lesions, can spread to other bones
Leprosy
- an airborne bacterial infection
- may result in: concentric loss of bone from phalanges, rhinomaxillary syndrome (upper roof of the mouth and nose wear away)
rickets
- a childhood disease
- lack of vitamin D
- classic sign is leg bowing
osteoporosis
- most common bone disease in the elderly
- decreased bone density
- bones will become light and show a reduced trabeculae in x-rays
- vertebral and hip fractures
- kyphosis
Paget’s Disease
- chronic increase in rate of bone remodeling, progressing from lytic to sclerotic (bone being taken away and then overgrowth)
- thickening of cortex and enlargements of bone
- in adults, more common in men
- most common sites: sacrum, spine, femora, skull, and sternum
achondroplasia
- common form of dwarfism
- congenital
- results from defective endochondral ossification
- proportional large head with frontal bossing, lumbar lordosis, and short limbs
gigantism
- pituitary gland produces too much growth horomones
- initiates prior to epiphyseal fusion, normal body proportion and bone shape
acromegaly
initiates after fusion, large brow ridges, mandibular prognathism, and large limbs
cleft palate
- may be partial or complete
- defect in the hard palate that may or may not involve anterior margin
spina bifida occulta
-incomplete fusion of spinous process in the sacrum
scoliosis
- lateral curvature of the spine
- usually results in the rotation of vertebrae and can create a hump in the chest due to anterior pushing of ribs on one side
osteomas
- benign overgrowths of normal bones
- common, small, and usually of no clinical significance
- can be found on any bone, but more common in frontal
osteosarcoma
- most common primary malignant bone tumor
- femur, tibia, humorous
- mixture of lysis and sclerosis
- large mass of spiculate bone
Ewings sarcoma
- malignant primary bone tumor
- most common in children and adolescents
- femur, pelvis, and tibia
- cortical erosion, rapid periosteal reaction
multiple myeloma
- malignancy of plasma cells arising in red marrow
- multiple small osteolytic lesions throughout skeleton and notably on the skull
metastatic cancer
BLT with a Kosher Pickle
- breast, lung, thyroid, kidney, prostate
- lytic lesions have undercut edges with no signs of healing
osteoarthritis
- degenerative joint disease
- marginal osteophytes and lipping on margins of new bones of joint surface
- alteration of join contour
- pitting of joint surface
- eburnation
rheumatoid arthritis
- autoimmune disease
- characterized by joint erosion around the joint surface
- effects hands, feet, knees, and ankles
dental diseases
- caries
- carious lesions
- bacterial breakdown of enamel, then dentin
periodontal disease
- infection of the tissue surrounding the teeth
- bacteria breakdown of alveolar margins
- localized areas of infection
examples of infectious disease (airborne)
- syphilis
- tuberculosis
- leprosy
examples of metabolic diseases
- rickets
- osteoporosis
- Paget’s disease
examples of developmental pathology
- achondroplasia
- gigantism/acromegaly
- cleft palate
- spina bifida occulta
- scoliosis
examples of tumors
- osteomas
- osteosarcoma
- Ewing’s sarcoma
- multiple myeloma
- metastatic cancer (BLT w/ a Kosher Pickle)
examples of degenerative diseases
- osteoarthritis
- rheumatoid arthritis
examples of dental diseases
- caries
- periodontal disease
