Pathology Flashcards
Define metaplasia
REVERSIBLE change from one mature cell type to another
Define hyperplasia
Physiological increase in cell numbers
Define hypoplasia
Opposite of hyperplasia (physiological increase in cell numbers)
Define neoplasia
Abnormal cell proliferation, such as premaligant or cancer
often used as code for cancer in front of patients
How would the nuclei appear in a malignant lesion?
Polymorphic and enlarged
What makes neoplasia different from dysplasia?
Dysplasia will have increased cell abnormalities and is graded on severity
(Neoplasia - increase in cell numbers NOT due to stimuli)
Define atrophy
Decrease in cell size/no. of cells due to LOSS of stimuli
e.g. neural damage result in atrophy
Define hypertrophy
Increase in cell size
What is carcinoma-in-situ?
Immediate step before cancer
Has not yet invaded
What makes a growth malignant?
Autonomous growth which has:
Invaded beyond normal location AND
has metastatic potential
Benign and malignant tumours of smooth muscle
Bengin - leiomyoma
Malignant - leiomyosarcoma
Smooth = lie = leio
Benign and malignant tumours of skeletal muscle
Benign - rhabdomyoma
Malignant - rhabdomyosarcoma
Rhabdo = rab Murdoch = tall = skeletal
What is a sarcoma?
General term given to tumours of bone/ soft tissue
Benign and malignant tumours of fat
Benign - lipoma
Malignant - liposarcoma
Benign and malignant tumours of bone
Benign - osteoma
Malignant - osteosarcoma
Benign and malignant tumours of blood vessels
Benign - haemangioma
Malignant - haemanigosarcoma
Benign and malignant tumours of cartilage
Benign - chondroma
Malignant - chondrosarcoma
C in cartilage C in chondroma
Bengin and malignt tumours of glandular tissue in epithelium
Benign - adenoma
Malignant - adenocarcinoma
What is MPNST?
Malignant tumour of nerve tissue
How are brain tumours regularly referred to?
Gliomas
Primary brain tumours mestastise. True/false?
false - cannot mestastise
Define leukaemia
Malignant cells found circulating in blood and bone marrow but no mass
Define lymphoma
Tumour like masses in lymph nodes
What is typical presentation of leukaemia (3)
Infections
Bleeds
Anaemia
Due to decrease in blood cells due to poor bone marrow function
What cancer is known for spreading everywhere and as result MUST always be as a differential in males
Prostate
What are the three big main groups of maligancies
Haematological - lymphomas and leukaemia
Epithelial - carcinomas
mesenchymal - sarcomas
What is the biggest risk factor for carcinomas
Age
Exposure to harmful environment e.g. smoking
VV RARE in children
What cancers are children likely to get?
Bone
Brain
Blood
3Bs
What does carcinoma relate to?
Epithelial malignancy
Define ischaemia and what kind of necrosis does this lead to?
Tissues being deprived of oxygen due to hypoxia or occlusion of vessel - infarction
Define necrosis
Unplanned cell death
Can occur due to hypoxia
What gene is involved in the pathogenesis of Burkitt’s lymphoma?
What virus is associated with it?
c-MYC
Epstein-Barr virus
