Pathology

Question 1

Define metaplasia

Answer 1

REVERSIBLE change from one mature cell type to another

Question 2

Define hyperplasia

Answer 2

Physiological increase in cell numbers

Question 3

Define hypoplasia

Answer 3

Opposite of hyperplasia (physiological increase in cell numbers)

Question 4

Define neoplasia

Answer 4

Abnormal cell proliferation, such as premaligant or cancer

often used as code for cancer in front of patients

Question 5

How would the nuclei appear in a malignant lesion?

Answer 5

Polymorphic and enlarged

Question 6

What makes neoplasia different from dysplasia?

Answer 6

Dysplasia will have increased cell abnormalities and is graded on severity

(Neoplasia - increase in cell numbers NOT due to stimuli)

Question 7

Define atrophy

Answer 7

Decrease in cell size/no. of cells due to LOSS of stimuli

e.g. neural damage result in atrophy

Question 8

Define hypertrophy

Answer 8

Increase in cell size

Question 9

What is carcinoma-in-situ?

Answer 9

Immediate step before cancer

Has not yet invaded

Question 10

What makes a growth malignant?

Answer 10

Autonomous growth which has:
Invaded beyond normal location AND
has metastatic potential

Question 11

Benign and malignant tumours of smooth muscle

Answer 11

Bengin - leiomyoma
Malignant - leiomyosarcoma

Smooth = lie = leio

Question 12

Benign and malignant tumours of skeletal muscle

Answer 12

Benign - rhabdomyoma
Malignant - rhabdomyosarcoma

Rhabdo = rab Murdoch = tall = skeletal

Question 13

What is a sarcoma?

Answer 13

General term given to tumours of bone/ soft tissue

Question 14

Benign and malignant tumours of fat

Answer 14

Benign - lipoma

Malignant - liposarcoma

Question 15

Benign and malignant tumours of bone

Answer 15

Benign - osteoma

Malignant - osteosarcoma

Question 16

Benign and malignant tumours of blood vessels

Answer 16

Benign - haemangioma

Malignant - haemanigosarcoma

Question 17

Benign and malignant tumours of cartilage

Answer 17

Benign - chondroma
Malignant - chondrosarcoma

C in cartilage C in chondroma

Question 18

Bengin and malignt tumours of glandular tissue in epithelium

Answer 18

Benign - adenoma

Malignant - adenocarcinoma

Question 19

What is MPNST?

Answer 19

Malignant tumour of nerve tissue

Question 20

How are brain tumours regularly referred to?

Answer 20

Gliomas

Question 21

Primary brain tumours mestastise. True/false?

Answer 21

false - cannot mestastise

Question 22

Define leukaemia

Answer 22

Malignant cells found circulating in blood and bone marrow but no mass

Question 23

Define lymphoma

Answer 23

Tumour like masses in lymph nodes

Question 24

What is typical presentation of leukaemia (3)

Answer 24

Infections
Bleeds
Anaemia

Due to decrease in blood cells due to poor bone marrow function

Question 25

What cancer is known for spreading everywhere and as result MUST always be as a differential in males

Answer 25

Prostate

Question 26

What are the three big main groups of maligancies

Answer 26

Haematological - lymphomas and leukaemia
Epithelial - carcinomas
mesenchymal - sarcomas

Question 27

What is the biggest risk factor for carcinomas

Answer 27

Age
Exposure to harmful environment e.g. smoking

VV RARE in children

Question 28

What cancers are children likely to get?

Answer 28

Bone
Brain
Blood

3Bs

Question 29

What does carcinoma relate to?

Answer 29

Epithelial malignancy

Question 30

Define ischaemia and what kind of necrosis does this lead to?

Answer 30

Tissues being deprived of oxygen due to hypoxia or occlusion of vessel - infarction

Question 31

Define necrosis

Answer 31

Unplanned cell death

Can occur due to hypoxia

Question 32

What gene is involved in the pathogenesis of Burkitt’s lymphoma?

What virus is associated with it?

Answer 32

c-MYC

Epstein-Barr virus