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Principles > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

How can we split the immune response?

What makes up each of these categories?

A

Innate

  • Physical barriers
  • Physiological barriers
  • Commensal bacteria
  • Mucous
  • Sebaceous secretions

Adaptive

  • Humoral B cells
  • Cell-mediated T cells
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2
Q

Compare innate and adaptive immunity in terms of…

Time?
Specificity?
How it works?
Memory?

A

Rapid (minutes and hours) vs. slow (days and weeks)

No memory vs. immunological memory (from memory B cells)

Non-specific vs. specific for each type of antigen

PAMPS + PRR vs. antigens and antibodies

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3
Q

What does a high neutrophil count mean?

Are neutrophils long or short lived?

A
  • raised neutrophils = ACUTE inflam

- short-lived

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4
Q

Dendritic cells

  • describe their role in immunology
A

Antigen presenting cells (APC) - present antigens from phagocytosis via MCH class II to CD4 cells

Bridge gap between innate and adaptive

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5
Q

Mast cells

A

Allergic response

Release histamine and heparin = kill by degranulation

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6
Q

Define opsonisation

A

Coating of pathogens by soluble factors to enhance phagocytosis

E.g. C3b and Ig

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7
Q

Draw Complement system

What is C3 and MBL an example of? What of these is used prognostically?

A

Compare to diagram in onenote

Acute phase protein - CRP is used to measure acute inflam (v. short half life so disappears v quickly after inflam dies down)

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8
Q

What 3 ways can complement system be activated?

A
  1. Classical pathway e.g. IgM + IgG
  2. MBL pathway (mannose binding lectin)
  3. Alternative pathway (C3b causing feedback loop)
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9
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

B = bone

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10
Q

What is primary lymphoid tissue?

A

Blood and lymph

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11
Q

What is secondary lymphoid tissue?

What happens here? What 2 things are required for this to take place?

A

lymph nodes
spleen
MALT

B cells become activated
Antigens and T helper cell signals must be present for ^^ to occur

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12
Q

Where do antigens bind to on antibodies?

What part of antibody binds to cells?

What antibody can act as a powerful opsonin as phagocytic cells have receptors for this class of antibodies heavy chain?

A

Variable region sites of antibody

Heavy chain body of cells

IgG (makes it more efficient than IgM)

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13
Q

Define aggulatination

A

clumping of antigens together to enhance phagocytosis

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14
Q

What antibody is found in blood as a pentameric shape? It is also the largest antibody-type

A

IgM

5 point on M

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15
Q

What is the 1st antibody produced?

A

IgM

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16
Q

What antibody can be transferred by mother to foetus via placenta?

A

IgG

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17
Q

Why is IgA important?

A

Neonatal immunity (transferred from mother to foetus in breast milk and colostrum)

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18
Q

What antibody levels drop 6 months post birth and what one starts to rise?

A

IgG drops
IgA rises

GA GA
G first in womb
A through breast milk

19
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

T = thymus

20
Q

What are the 3 types of T cells?

A

CD4+ helper
CD8+ killer
Regulatory

21
Q

How do T cells work?

A

recognise peptide antigens presented to the TCR (T cell receptors) found on T cells

Antigens are presented by MHC molecules

22
Q

What is the role of MHC?

A

Only needed by T cells

Display peptide antigens to TCR (T cell receptors) on T cells

23
Q

What are the 2 types of MHC and on what cells do you find each type?

What CD cell does each bind to?

A

MHC I
- present on all nucleated cells

MHC II
- present on APCs (MACROPHAGES AND DENDRITIC CELLS)

MCH I -> CD8+
MCH II -> CD4+

24
Q

Types of hypersensitivity

Give an example of each type, name cells involved and explain the MOA of each type of reaction

Give time frame for each type of reaction

A

Remember as A B C D

I - Antibody e.g. Allergy

  • IgE
  • mast cells and eosinophils
  • seconds

II - antiBody e.g. breakdown of RBC in mismatch blood transfusions

  • IgG + IgM
  • NK cells
  • seconds - hrs

III - immune Complex e.g acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis

  • IgG
  • neutrophils
  • hrs - days

IV - Delayed e.g. TB, sarcoidosis, chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis

  • macrophages and T cells
  • days
25
Q

What is the most abundant antibody-type?

A

IgG

26
Q

What antibody-type is secreted in breastmilk, saliva and tears?

A

IgA - (link to IgA importance in neonatal immunity)

27
Q

What regulates the adaptive response?

A

Regulatory T cells

28
Q

Explain what PAMPs and PRRs are

A

Think of a weaker antigen and antibody

PAMPs (pathogen assoc. molecular patterns)

  • found on pathogens
  • (think of as a lesser antigen)

PRRs (pathogen recognition receptors)

  • found on cells on innate system
  • (think of as a lesser antiobody)

PAMPs and PRRs bind together

29
Q

When does a monocyte become a macrophage?

A

When it leaves the bloodstream and enters the affected tissue

30
Q

Describe the difference in appearance between basophils and eosinophils

A

BOTH bi-lobed

Basophil - blue granules
Eosinophil - red granules

31
Q

List leukocytes from most to least common

A 
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Monocytes/macrophages
Basophils

Newton Licks Elliots Massive Balls

32
Q

For the following cells of the innate system state identifying feature macroscopically, method of killing and if they produce any cytokine:

Neutrophils
Lymphocyte
Eosinophil
Monocyte/macrophage
Basophil
NK cells
Mast cells
A

Neutrophil

  • multi-lobed
  • NETS, degranulation and phagocytosis

Lymphocyte

Eosinophil

  • bilobed, red granules
  • think ALLERGY

Monocyte/macrophage

  • kidney bean shaped nucleus
  • Phagocytosis
  • TNF-alpha

Basophil

  • bilobed, blue granules
  • effector in allergic reactions

NK cells

  • granular
  • degranulation of perforin -> induce apoptosis
  • INF-gamma

Mast cells

  • ..
  • degranulation of histamine + heparin etc.
33
Q

What cell travels across the endothelium via transendothelial migration?

What do the cells bind to on the vascular endo?

A

Neutrophils

Adhesion molecules (selectins and ICAM-1)

(travel across via diapedesis)

34
Q

What 3 cells are associated with allergic response?

What antibody is associated?

A

Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast cells

IgE

35
Q

What are the 5 effects of acute inflam?

What system is responsible for acute inflam?

A 
Tumour - swelling 
Dolor - pain 
Calor - heat
Rubor - redness
Functio laesa - loss of function

Innate

36
Q

What antibody is present in secretions such as breast milk and colostrum (first secretion from mammary glands post birth)?

A

IgA

37
Q

What antibody is most abundant in body?

A

IgG

38
Q

For each of the following immune-deficency disorders describe their pathology:

X-linked agammaglobulinaemia
DiGeorge Syndrome
Kostmann syndrome
Reticular dysgenesis (most severe form of SCID)
SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)
A

X-linked agammaglobulinaemia - no B cells
DiGeorge Syndrome - no T cells
Kostmann syndrome - neutropenia
Reticular dysgenesis - failure to produce WBC
SCID - no B and T cells

39
Q

What T helper cells help macrophages and what ones help B cells?

A

TH1 - macrophages

TFH - B cells

40
Q

Which WBC is most likely to deal with large parasites that cannot be phagocytosed?

A

Mast cells

41
Q

What do B cells do?

A

Produce antibodies

B cells = antiBodies

42
Q

Name the 3 soluble mediators of the innate response?

A

Complement
CRP
Cytokines

43
Q

What is measured in anaphylaxis - measure of mast cell degranulation?

A

Serum tryptase

44
Q

Antibody producing cells. Fully differeniated

A

Plasma cells

Principles (10 decks)

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