Biochemistry

Question 1

What is a condensation reaction?

Answer 1

Water removed

Question 2

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 2

Water added

Question 3

Redox reactions?

Answer 3

OIL RIG
Oxidation = loss
Reduction = gain

Question 4

What is electronegativity?

Answer 4

Attractive force of atomic nucleus on electrons within bond

Question 5

What is the other word for carbohydrates?

Answer 5

Saccharides

Question 6

2 laws of thermodynamics to remember?

Answer 6

1. Energy neither created nor destroyed

2. No energy conversion is 100% efficient

Question 7

What bonds hold together water?

Answer 7

Hydrogen - polar bonds

Question 8

Non-polar vs polar vs amphipathic/ampiphilic

Answer 8

???
Non polar = hydrophobic
Polar = hydrophilic
Amphipathic = polar and non-polar

Question 9

What is a buffer?

Answer 9

Around pHa resist change in pH upon moderate addition of acid/base

Question 10

Why do we care about pH?

Answer 10

Change in pH = change in ionisation of protein

Question 11

What enzyme helps form a peptide bond between amino groups?

Answer 11

Peptidyl transferases

Question 12

4 types of protein structure?

Answer 12

Primary - amino acid sequence
Secondary - shape of backbone e.g. collagen - hyrophobic bonds
Tertiary = 3D structure including side chains - fibrous or globular
Quaternary - spatial arrangement of chain in a protein with multiple subunits

Question 13

How can you distrube protein sturcutes?

Answer 13

• Heat
• pH
• soaps and detergents

Question 14

How to label carbons ?

Answer 14

From O in clockwise direction

Question 15

What is the genetic code?

Answer 15

Degenerate and unambiguous

Question 16

Aminoacycl-tRNA synthase ??? ADD

Answer 16

listen this has something importantabout it

Question 17

What is an enzyme?

Answer 17

Increase the SPEED to reach equilibrium by reducing activation energy barrier

Question 18

Apoenzyme vs holoenzyme

Answer 18

Apoenzyme - without co-factor

Holoenzyme - with co-factor

Question 19

What 4 things can happen to glucose?

Answer 19

Storage

ADD

Question 20

What is chromatin?

Answer 20

Found in DNA - abnormalities may suggest cancer

Question 21

What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle in order?

Answer 21

G1 (growth 1)
S (synthesis - DNA replicated)
G2 (growth 2)
Mitosis

Question 22

What stage of the cell cycle is p53 involved in?

Answer 22

G2

Question 23

Once mature what happens to a neuron cell?

Answer 23

No longer divides and remains in the quiescent (resting) stage

Question 24

What is the shortest phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 24

Mitosis

Question 25

What is the role of p53?

What does p53 do to cells with non repairable DNA?

Answer 25

Encodes proteins that allow for cell cycle arrest in order to allow DNA to be repaired

Induce apoptosis

Question 26

Li-Fraumeni syndrome is associated with he loss of function of what gene?

Answer 26

p53

- increased risk of developing many types of cancer

Question 27

What is myc an example of?

What is it?

What is the non-mutated version of an ocogene called?

Answer 27

Oncogene

Means cell is basically always in the “on” position and is constantly dividing

Proto-oncogene - NORMAL gene which can lead to cell division

Question 28

What is transcription?

Answer 28

DNA transcribed into mRNA

Question 29

When does it become mature mRNA?
Non-coding region of mRNA?
Coding region of mRNA?

What tells the cell that they need to do splicing?

Answer 29

After splicing
Non-coding = introns
Coding = exons

Motif - specific sequences