Biochemistry Flashcards
What is a condensation reaction?
Water removed
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
Water added
Redox reactions?
OIL RIG
Oxidation = loss
Reduction = gain
What is electronegativity?
Attractive force of atomic nucleus on electrons within bond
What is the other word for carbohydrates?
Saccharides
2 laws of thermodynamics to remember?
- Energy neither created nor destroyed
2. No energy conversion is 100% efficient
What bonds hold together water?
Hydrogen - polar bonds
Non-polar vs polar vs amphipathic/ampiphilic
???
Non polar = hydrophobic
Polar = hydrophilic
Amphipathic = polar and non-polar
What is a buffer?
Around pHa resist change in pH upon moderate addition of acid/base
Why do we care about pH?
Change in pH = change in ionisation of protein
What enzyme helps form a peptide bond between amino groups?
Peptidyl transferases
4 types of protein structure?
Primary - amino acid sequence
Secondary - shape of backbone e.g. collagen - hyrophobic bonds
Tertiary = 3D structure including side chains - fibrous or globular
Quaternary - spatial arrangement of chain in a protein with multiple subunits
How can you distrube protein sturcutes?
- Heat
- pH
- soaps and detergents
How to label carbons ?
From O in clockwise direction
What is the genetic code?
Degenerate and unambiguous
Aminoacycl-tRNA synthase ??? ADD
listen this has something importantabout it
What is an enzyme?
Increase the SPEED to reach equilibrium by reducing activation energy barrier
Apoenzyme vs holoenzyme
Apoenzyme - without co-factor
Holoenzyme - with co-factor
What 4 things can happen to glucose?
Storage
ADD
What is chromatin?
Found in DNA - abnormalities may suggest cancer
What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle in order?
G1 (growth 1)
S (synthesis - DNA replicated)
G2 (growth 2)
Mitosis
What stage of the cell cycle is p53 involved in?
G2
Once mature what happens to a neuron cell?
No longer divides and remains in the quiescent (resting) stage
What is the shortest phase of the cell cycle?
Mitosis
What is the role of p53?
What does p53 do to cells with non repairable DNA?
Encodes proteins that allow for cell cycle arrest in order to allow DNA to be repaired
Induce apoptosis
Li-Fraumeni syndrome is associated with he loss of function of what gene?
p53
- increased risk of developing many types of cancer
What is myc an example of?
What is it?
What is the non-mutated version of an ocogene called?
Oncogene
Means cell is basically always in the “on” position and is constantly dividing
Proto-oncogene - NORMAL gene which can lead to cell division
What is transcription?
DNA transcribed into mRNA
When does it become mature mRNA?
Non-coding region of mRNA?
Coding region of mRNA?
What tells the cell that they need to do splicing?
After splicing
Non-coding = introns
Coding = exons
Motif - specific sequences
