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Principles > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Gram stains

A 
PiNk = Negative
Purple = positive
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2
Q

Shapes of bacteria

A 
Spheres = cocci 
Rods = bacilli 
Spirals = spiralli

2x cocci = diplococci
Groups of cocci = staphylococci (staph = staff = gathered together)
Strips of cocci = streptococci

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3
Q

Haemolysis

A 
Alpha = green = partial = strep viridians + strep pneumonia 
B = better = complete = staph aureus 
Gamma = no hameolysis = enterococcus
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4
Q

Commonest cause of bacterial meningitis?

A

Neisseria meningitis

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5
Q

Why are gram positive cells stained purple?

A

They have a thicker layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall and retain more of the crystal violet

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6
Q

Define commensal

A

Part of the normal flora

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7
Q

Define ‘opportunistic pathogen’

A

Normally causes disease in immunocompromised patients

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8
Q

Define contaminant

A

Grows in culture by accident

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9
Q

Define pathogenicity

A

Ability of an organism to cause disease/infect host

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10
Q

How can you differentiate between staphylococci and streptococci?

A

Staph - coagulase

Strep - haemolysis

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11
Q

What bacteria is gram positive and positive to coagulase?

A

Staph aureus - most common cause of wound/skin infections

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12
Q

Explain the enzyme mechanism behind complete and partial hameolysis

A 
Complete = enzymes break down RBC
Partial = enzymes denature Hb
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13
Q

What are the 4C’s and why do we avoid them?

A

Cephalosporins
Co-amoxiclav
Ciprofloxacin
Clindamycin

Increased risk of C.diff

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14
Q

Describe the bacteria which causes gonorrhoea

A

Neiserria gonorrhoea

Gram negative diplococci

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15
Q

What kind of organism is neisseria?

A

Gram negative diplococci

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16
Q

Name the 6 coliforms - gram negative large bacilli

What is the first line antibiotic in treating infections caused by coliforms?

A

Gut Commensals-
E.coli
Klebsiella
Proteus

Gut Pathogens-
E.coli 0157
Shigella
Salmonella

Gentamicin

17
Q

What are the two catergories of antibiotics?

A 
Bactericidal = kill bacteria 
Bacteriostatic = inhibit bacteria growth
18
Q

Name the 3 things antibiotics can work in a bacteria cell?

A

Cell wall - interfere with peptidoglycan synthesis
Ribosome - interfere with protein synthesis
DNA - interfere with nucleic acid synthesis

19
Q

What toxins do gram postive and gram negative bacteria release and where from?

A

Gram positive - exotoxin - produced inside cell and exported out
Gram negative - endotoxin - part of the cell wall

20
Q

What antibiotic is first line in gastroenteritis? What must be noted about this antibiotic?

A

Gentamicin (most effective against gram negative - which often cause gastroenteritis)

It cannot be taken orally - IV or inhaled only

21
Q

What antibiotic should be offered to patients who are penicillin allergic?

A

Doxcycline or clarithromycin

22
Q

What antibiotics contain a beta-lactam ring?

A

Penicillins

Cephlasporins

23
Q

What antibiotics work by attacking the cell wall and give an example of each type?

How are they all excerted?

A

PCG - penetrate cell gates

Penicillins - fluoxicillin
Cephalosporins - ceftriaxone
Glycopeptides - vancomycin

Via urine

24
Q

What antibiotics work by attacking bacterial ribosomes (as these differ from mammial ribosomes it is possible)?

What is the only group of that is excreted via urine rather via the gut (via the liver -> biliary tract first)?

What is the only type that is bacterocidal as opposed to bacteriostatic?

A

TAM - Tam big on loads of protein

Tetracyclines - doxycycline
Amino-glycosides - gentamicin
Macrolides - erythromycin

Amino-glycosides excreted via urine and bacterocidal

25
Q

What must be noted about delivery of glycopeptides e.g. vancomycin?

A

IV administration only

Only given orally in C.diff - when it works topically on gut lumen

26
Q

Name 3 DNA attacking antibiotics

A

Metronidazole
Trimethoprin
Fluroquinolones

27
Q

How can bacteria become antibiotic resistant?

A

Genetic mutation

Transfer of DNA between one antibiotic resistant bacteria to another by:

  1. Transformation
    • bacteria die and DNA is released which can be scavenged
  2. Conjugation
    • bridges can be formed between bacteria and DNA transferred (plasmid replicates and transfers over)
  3. Transduction
    • Viruses infecting bacteria can transfer bits of DNA from one to another
28
Q

What kind of bacteria is C.diff?

A

gram positive bacilli

29
Q

Describe the microorganism most likely to cause urine infections

A

E.coli

AEROBIC Gram negative bacilli

30
Q

What effect can macrolides such as erthymocin, azithromycin have on ECG?

A

Elongate QT interval

31
Q

Side effect of tetracyclines

A

Photosensitivity

think of claires burnt arse

Principles (10 decks)

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