Pathology

Question 1

Acute inflammation - Definition

Answer 1

1. Initial + transient series of tissue reactions to injury

2. Appendicitis

Question 2

Hyperplasia - definition

Answer 2

1. Increase in cell number by mitosis

2. Benign prostate hyperplasia

Question 3

Granuloma - Definition

Answer 3

1. Aggregate of epitheliod histocytes

2. Crohn’s disease

Question 4

Disorders of development of growth - Classification

Answer 4

1. Congenital = present at birth
2. Genetic
   a. Inherited = inherited genetic abnormality
   (Familial adenomatous polyposis AD)
   b. Spontaneous = spontaneous mutation
3. Non genetic - environmental = acquired by environmental factors (fetal alcohol syndrome)

Question 5

Cells that can regenerate

Answer 5

1. Hepatocytes
2. Pneumocytes
3. All blood cells
4. Gut/skin epi
5. Osteocytes

Question 6

Cells that can’t regenerate

Answer 6

1. Myocardial cells

2. Neurones

Question 7

Acute inflammation - Outcomes

Answer 7

1. Resolution (acute lobar pneumonia)
2. Suppuration
3. Organisation
4. Progression to chronic inflammation

Question 8

Malignant tumour

Answer 8

1. Invasive
2. Not all metastatic (basal cell carcinoma)
3. Rapid growth - irregular border
4. Don’t resemble parent cells
5. pleomorphic nuclei (vary shape and size)

Question 9

Adenoma

Answer 9

1. Benign tumour of glandular/secretory epi

2. Prefix with cell type of origin

Question 10

Screening programmes

Answer 10

1. Cervical cancer
2. Breast cancer
3. Colorectal cancer

Question 11

Carcinogen

Answer 11

1. Environmental agent participating in causation of tumours
2. Carcinogenic (malignant)
3. Oncogenic (tumour)
4. Act on DNA
5. Eg asbestos

Question 12

Lipoma

Answer 12

Benign tumour of adipocytes

Question 13

Adenocarcinoma

Answer 13

1. Malignant tumour of glandular epi

2. Coupled w name of tissue of origin

Question 14

Carcinoma

Answer 14

1. Malignant tumour of epi

2. Prefixed by name of epi cell type

Question 15

Leiomyoma

Answer 15

Benign tumour of SM cells

Question 16

Anaplastic

Answer 16

1. Do not know origin

2. Anaplastic carcinoma of thyroid = v low survival rate

Question 17

Inflammation

Answer 17

Local physiological response to tissue injury

Question 18

Chronic inflammation - Causes

Answer 18

1. Primary chronic inflammation
2. Transplant rejection
3. Progression from acute inflammation
4. Recurrent episodes of acute inflammation

Question 19

Virchow’s triangle

Answer 19

1. Stasis of blood flow
2. Endothelial injury
3. Hyper coagulability

Question 20

Arterial thrombosis - Treatment

Answer 20

1. Anti-platelets (aspirin/clopidogrel)

Question 21

Venous thrombosis - Treatment

Answer 21

1. Anti-coagulants (warfarin/heparin)

New oral anticoagulant drugs

Question 22

Sarcoma

Answer 22

Malignant neoplasm of CT

Question 23

Carcinomas to bone

Answer 23

BRRRRRS

1. Bronchus (lung)
2. Breast
3. Bridney
4. Bryroid
5. Brostate

Question 24

Metastasis sequence of events

Answer 24

1. Invasion - Erosion of tissue boundaries
2. Intravasation - into lumen of vessels
3. Evasion of host defence
4. Adhere to endo
5. Extravasation - to surrounding tissue
6. Angiogenesis - own blood vessels

Question 25

Atheromatous plaque constituents

Answer 25

1. Central lipid core
2. Fibrous cap
3. Smooth M cells
4. Lymphocytes
5. Macrophages

Question 26

Hypertrophy

Answer 26

An increase in size of tissue due to an increase in size of individual cell (w/out cell division)

Question 27

Lymphoma

Answer 27

Malignant neoplasm of lymphoid cells

Question 28

Melanoma

Answer 28

Malignant neoplasm of melanocytes

Question 29

Benign CT/mesenchymal tumours

Answer 29

1. Named after cell of origin
2. Suffix = oma
3. Neuroma = benign tumour of N