Immunology

Question 1

Hypogammaglobulinemia - Definition

Answer 1

1. Low levels of serum Igs

2. Streptococcus pneumoniae sinusitis

Question 2

Innate vs Adaptive

Answer 2

1. Non-specific vs specific
2. No lymphocytes vs lymphocytes
3. No Abs vs Abs
4. No memory vs memory

Question 3

Organ specific autoimmune disease

Answer 3

UC

Question 4

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMP)

Answer 4

1. General molecular features common to many pathogens
2. Foreign microbes recognised by innate immunity
3. Lipopolysaccharide

Question 5

Lymphocytes

Answer 5

T cells --> intracellular microbes
- Produce IL2, gammma IF and TNF beta
- IL2 --> +ve feedback on T cell division and differentiation
B cells --> extracellular microbes
- Produce IL 4, 5, 6, 10, 13

Question 6

Immunological control of tumours

Answer 6

Immune surveillance

Question 7

Natural passive immunity

Answer 7

1. Maternal antibodies across placenta
2. Diptheria
   Tetanus
   Streptococcus
   Rubella
   Mumps
   Polio

Question 8

IgE

Answer 8

1. Basophils and mast cells
2. Allergic response
3. Parasitic infections

Question 9

Classes of Ig

Answer 9

1. IgA
2. IgD
3. IgE
4. IgM
5. IgG

Question 10

Antigen presenting cells

Answer 10

1. Macrophages
2. Dendritic cells
3. B cells

Question 11

Salmonella

Answer 11

1. Gram -ve bacilli
2. MacConkey Agar –> clear as non-lactose fermenting
3. Serotyping (not shigella)

Question 12

AIDs - definition

Answer 12

1. CD4+ T lymphocyte cell count <200

Question 13

HIV - risk factors

Answer 13

1. Intravenous drug users
2. MSM
3. Commercial sex workers
4. Unprotected sex
5. Migrant workers/truck drivers - use sex industry more

Question 14

Polymorponuclear leukocytes

Answer 14

1. Neutrophils (C)
2. Basophil
3. Eosinophil

Question 15

Major Histocompatibility Complex

Answer 15

1. Encoded by MH gene C on chromosome 6
2. Present epitide to T cells
3. Shows self and non-self antigens
4. MHC I - intracellular for CD8 cellls
5. MHC II - extracellular for CD4 cells

Question 16

Phagocytosis

Answer 16

1. Adhesion to cell surface of insult (opsonisation)
2. Engulfment
3. Phagosome
4. Phagolysosome and digestion
5. APC presentation (MHC II)
6. Secretion of waste products

Question 17

IgA location

Answer 17

1. Mucous secretions
2. Saliva
3. Colostrum (breast milk)
4. Milk
5. Bronchiolar + genitourinary secretions

Question 18

Tuberculosis - hypersensitivity

Answer 18

1. Type 4 (delayed

Question 19

Virus properties

Answer 19

1. Only seen with electron microscope
2. Only replicate in living cells
3. No cell wall
4. Outer protein coat

Question 20

HIV - Treatment

Answer 20

1. Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART)
   - <200
   - Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (abacavir)
   - Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (efavirenz)
   - Protease inhibitors (atazanavir)

Question 21

Aids defining conditions

Answer 21

1. Candidiasis lung/oesophageal
2. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
3. Recurrent bacterial pneumonia
4. Cervical carcinoma
5. Mycobacterium TB