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TRANSITION BLOCK > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

A

Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number

Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size

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2
Q

In what kind of structures is hyperplasia most likely to occur?

A

Hyperplasia occurs in structures which are under hormonal influence

(it is a process which occurs in response to a stimulus)

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3
Q

Give some examples of sites in the body where hyperplasia occurs

A

Endometrium

Bone marrow

Thyroid

Prostate

Stomach

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4
Q

Why might G cell hyperplasia in the stomach occur?

A

May occur in response to long-term PPI use

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5
Q

Give some examples of sites in the body where hypertrophy occurs

A

Muscles

Heart

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6
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Abnormal cell growth that hasn’t reached the basement membrane

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7
Q

Give some examples of dysplasia

A

DCIS

CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia)

Adenomas (pre-malignant precursors to adenocarcinoma)

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8
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Change from one mature cell type to another

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9
Q

Give some examples of metaplasia

A

Barrett’s oesophagus

Cervical transition zone (glandular to epithelial)

Bladder (transitional to squamous - occurs in response to infection and inflammation)

Squamous cell carcinoma in the lung

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10
Q

What does CGIN stand for?

A

Cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia

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11
Q

What is CIN I?

A

Low grade squamous abnormality of the cervix

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12
Q

What is CN III?

A

High grade squamous abnormality of the cervix

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13
Q

What are koilocytes?

A

Squamous cells which have been infected with HIV

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14
Q

Who gets ovarian cancer?

A

Older women - usually postmenopausal

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15
Q

What is the other term for trophoblastic tumours?

A

Choriocarcinomas

germ cell tumour of the ovary

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16
Q

What are histiocytes?

A

Macrophages which respond to foreign material

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17
Q

What conditions cause a high HCG?

A

Choriocarcionoma

Twin pregnancies

Molar pregnancies

Placental abruption

18
Q

Which type of ovarian tumour may cause a high HCG level?

A

Choriocarcinoma

*this may even lead to a falsely positive pregnancy test

19
Q

Molar pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of which cancer?

A

Choriocarcinoma

20
Q

What is the treatment for molar pregnancy?

A

Removal

Methotrexate

21
Q

Why is methotrexate used to managed molar pregnancy?

A

It is a folate antagonist. Folate is needed to make cells so it stops the molar pregnancy from developing further.

22
Q

What are the 3 main groups of tumours which occur in children?

A

BONE

BLOOD

BRAIN

(e.g osteosarcoma, leukaemia and medulloblastoma)

23
Q

Carcinomas are the most common tumours in older people. What type of malignancy are these?

A

Epithelial malignancy

24
Q

How does HPV malignancy present?

A

Young non-smokers

Lump in the neck

25
Q

Which lymph nodes do testicular malignancies spread to?

A

Para-aortic

26
Q

What cancers spread to the axillary lymph nodes?

A

Breast cancer

Cutaneous cancers (e.g cancers on the skin of the arm)

27
Q

Which cancers can spread pretty much anywhere and should therefore never be ruled out too early?

A

Melanoma

Prostate

Small cell lung cancer

28
Q

Signet rings on pathology are indicative of which type of malignancy?

A

Adenocarcinoma

29
Q

Which conditions may present with an asymmetrical swelling in the midline of the neck that moves on swallowing?

A

Thyroglossal cyst

Multinodular goitre

30
Q

Thyroid cancers most commonly affect which sex and age range?

A

Women

Ages 20-40 (quite young)

31
Q

A patient presents with a neck lump. On the pathology report there are follicular cells, colloid and lymphocytes. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Inflammatory process (e.g thyroiditis)

Follicular cells and colloid are normal findings in the thyroid!

Lymphocytes indicate an inflammatory process!

32
Q

What is oncocytic change?

A

Cellular enlargement due to accumulation of altered mitochondria

It indicates an inflammatory process

Doesn’t = malignancy

33
Q

Psammona bodies seen microscopically may be seen with which conditions?

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma ovarian tumours

Papillary thyroid carcinoma

Papillary renal cell carcinoma

Endometrial adenocarcinomas

34
Q

How does CMV present?

A

It is mostly subclinical/ asymptomatic

In people with immunosuppression or HIV it presents with chorioretinitis and proctitis

It can mimic EBV but typically doesn’t have the sore throat that EBV does

35
Q

Who presents with symptoms due to CMV?

A

People who are immunosuppressed

E.g Crohn’s and UC patients on immunosuppressive drugs

E.g HIV patients with a low CD4 count

36
Q

Why is it important to advise bed rest with EBV and to avoid sports?

A

There is a risk of splenic rupture

37
Q

What medication is given for EBV?

A

Penicillin V

38
Q

Why is EBV treated with antibiotics even though it is a viral condition?

A

Although EBV (glandular fever) may be the most likely diagnosis, there is a risk that the patient could have something like bacterial tonsillitis

Antibiotics are given to cover other possibilities

39
Q

Why is a amoxicillin avoided in EMV?

A

It can cause a rash

40
Q

In patients with vague IBD like symptoms, which condition is now often screened for?

A

Syphilis

TRANSITION BLOCK (10 decks)

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