Pathology Flashcards
why do you get white cell margination in inflammation?
vasodilatation of BVs slows the flow of blood which allows white cells to move more peripherally
selectins/integrins are expressed on endothelial cell surfaces?
selectins
selectins/integrins bind to vessel walls, cell matrix and other cells
integrins
integrin and selectin interaction with their ligands is __ affinity
low
what 2 substances increase selectin expression
histamine
thrombin
VCAM and ICAM are expressed on…
endothelial cells
what substances increase VCAM and ICAM expression
TNF
IL-1
why do you get swelling?
leaky BVs cause loss of proteins which changes the osmotic pressure as water will follow protein
what ion increases if the Na/K pump fails?
K
fibroblasts form…
collagen
when do fibroblasts lay down collagen after an infarction?
2-6 weeks after the injury
Rb usually binds to…
E2F
what does E2F do when it isnt bound to Rb?
increases transcription of DNA polymerase
what receptor is most commonly affected in cancer?
EGFR
endothelial growth factor receptor
most common cell pathway affected in melanoma?
BRaf
a translocation in Myc is diagnostic of what cancer?
burkitts lymphoma
what is myc?
nuclear transcription factor that promotes growth
most commonly mutated kinase in cancer?
PI3K
PI3K is mutated in what cancers?
leukaemias
most commonly mutated protein in all cancers?
p53
p53 senses DNA abnormaloities at what stage of the cell cycle?
G1
what does BCL-2 do?
stops apoptosis
what does there have to be for hyperplasia to occur?
a stimulus eg hormonal response
what cells make gastrin?
G cells
why would someone have G cell hyperplasia?
chronic gastritis on PPIs (neg feedback)
what is dysplasia?
abnormal cell growth
is dysplasia benign or malignant?
benign as it isnt cancer yet
what are you screening for in bowel screening and why?
adenoma (will turn into an adenocarcinoma)
define metaplasia
a REVERSIBLE change from 1 cell type to another in response to a stimulus
examples of metaplasia
bladder
barretts oesophagus
cervical ectropion
pathological process in lynch syndrome?
microsatellite instability (faulty mismatch repair genes)
where does lynch syndrome present in the colon?
right side colon
causes of endometrial hyperplasia
overweight (adipose tissue to oestrogen)
hormonal
lynch syndrome cancers?
bladder/transitional cancer
colorectal
endometrial
a leiomyoma is an example of __plasia
neo (not dysplasia as the tumour has grown)
elongated cells on endometrium…
spindle cells
stain used in colposcopy
acetowhite
HPV causes CGIN T or F
T
“skip lesions” are present on CIN/CGIN
CGIN
what female ovarian tumour looks like a potato?
dysgerminoma
carcinomas tend to affect what age group?
older
when would you get a painful lump in malignancy?
only if late
young person with lump in neck, no risk factors…
mets from HPV cancer in throat
what cancers can appear anywhere?
melanoma
prostate cancer
small cell lung cancer
signet ring morphology…
adenocarcinoma
signet ring cancers are single/multi cell cancers
single
prognosis of adenocarcinomas with signet ring morphology
BAD
what lung cancer is not uncommon in non-smoking young women
adenocarcinoma
age range for thyroid cancer?
20-40
most common thyroid cancer?
papillary
describe the changes on pathology in hashimotos thyroiditis
normal thyroid constituents eg colloid and folliculoepithelial cells PLUS inflammation
what is oncocytic change?
increase in mitochondria
what does hashimoto’s thyroiditis look like macroscopically
beefy/red
top 2 areas of the lobes are asymmetrical
“orphan annie nuclei” and “psammoma bodies”
papillary thyroiditis
amoxicillin rash…
EBV
Tx EBV
pen V for cover
rest
Ix EBV
EBV serology
FBC
VDRL is a test for…
syphilis
