pathology Flashcards
which is the achalasia pathogenesis?
Loss of neurons in the myenteric plexus – failure of LES to relax
*Secondary: Chagas disease, extraesophageal mass
what is the defect of the potassium and sodium channel in long QT syndrome?
- Delayed closed of sodium channel
- Decrease activity of outward (delayed) rectifying potassium channel
Which is the thyroid disease that produce thyroid gland pain and self limited thyroid hormones alterations?
Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (de
Quervain)——–Self-limited disease often following a flu-like illness (eg, viral infection).
- May be hyperthyroid early in course, followed by hypothyroidism.
Which is the explanation of sensory lost in Guillain sx?
GB syndrome–> Immune response against MYELIN due to molecular mimickry between the bug and myelin. (against gangliosides of myelin mostly)
Main characteristics of Alport syndrome?
- X linked recessive
- Hematuria, deafness and progressive renal failure
- mutation in collagen type IV
Malignant pigmented cells that involved which layer of skin, is associated with greater risk of unfavorable prognosis?
- subcutaneous tissue——–the deeper it goes the dangerous it is.
which are tha characteristics of Pemphigus vulgaris and Bullous pemphigoid?
Pemphigus vulgaris— IgG antibody against desmoglein (component ofdesmosomes, which connect keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum)– oral mucosa is also involved. Type II hypersensitivity reaction– nikolsky +.
- Bullous pemphigoid—-Involves IgG antibody against hemidesmosomes (epidermal
basement membrane—Nikolsky sign ⊝.
which is the main component of lewy bodies?
α-synuclein—(intracellular eosinophilic inclusions)
Tell five characteristics of abetalipoproteinemia
- Autosomal recessive
- Deficiency in ApoB48, ApoB100—- Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL absent.
- severe fat malabsorption, steatorrhea, failure to thrive.
- Later manifestations—retinitis pigmentosa, spinocerebellar degeneration due to vitamin E
deficiency, progressive ataxia, acanthocytosis. - Treatment: restriction of long-chain fatty acids, oral vitamin E.
urine sediment findiing in acute tubular necrosis
muddy brown casts
What is the molecular function of the neurothropic tyrosine kinase (Trka) receptors and which type of ligands bind?
- Autophosphorilation and down stream phosphorylation of MAPK pathway members
- Neurotrophins—- nerve growth factors
which is the clinical presentation of Trka gene mutation?
insensitivity to pain, anhydrosis, self-mutilation behavior, congenital retardation and cancer.
whats is mixing study in secondary hemostasis disorders?
is the study to differentiate between hemophilia A and coagulation factor inhibitor.
hemophilia A (ptt CORRECTS when mixing patient plasma with normal plasma) coagulation factor inhibitor (ptt DOES NOT CORRECT)--because is a lot antibodies.
Which is the reason that in von Willebrand disease, PTT is increased?
because vWf stabilizes factor VIII
which is the result of Ristocetin test in vWF disease ans why?
is an abnormal test.
because normally ristocetin induces vWf binding to GpIb receptor.
which is the best screening test for DIC?
D-dimer
difference between DIC and fibrinolysis disorders
- DIC— D dimer elevated
- FD: normal D dimer (because there is no any thrombi
- DIC: thrombocytopenia
- FD: normal platelet count
which is the cause of DIC in pregnant women or during delivery?
amniotic fluid produce tissue thromboplastin— activate coagulation cascade
Which are the criteria to diagnose AIDS?
- cd4 <200 or <14%
- HIV with AIDS defecting condition (pneumocystis pneumoniae)
Ischemic lesion in hippocampus (bilateral)
Anterograde amnesia—inability to make new
memories.
Primary hypothyroidism
2dary Hypothyroidism
1ary: Failure in pituitary gland
2dary: failure in thyroid gland
which are the nucleus that are affected mainly in wernicke korsakoff syndrome?
- medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus
- mammillary bodies
peutz Jeghers syndrome
AD
chromosome 19— mutation in serine/threonine kinase 11 gene.
Pigmented mucocutaneous macules and hamartomatous polyps in GI tract —- abdominal pain and GI bleeding tract
Liposarcomas
Lipomas
Contain lipoblast— this lipids causing identations and scalloping of nuclear membrane (pleomorphism)
- Most soft tissue sarcomas in adults.
- Multiple mitosis
Lipomas: not pleomorphism and multiple mitosis neither