Anatomy

Question 1

In the gut, where are the cells that replaces enterocytes?

Answer 1

In crypts of Lieberkühn

Question 2

Which are the ligaments that support the ovary?

Answer 2

• Ovary ligament – binds the ovary to uterus

- infundibulopelvis (suspensory)—- binds ovary to pelvic wall, ovary vessels

Question 3

Fracture in mid shaft humerus in the region of spiral groove

Answer 3

Lesion of radial nerve– compromise of wrist extension, sparing triceps branchi— elbow extension.

Question 4

Diaphragm contain three major apertures

Answer 4

• vena caval foramen: inferior vena cava
• aortic hiatus: aorta, thoracic duct and azigos vein
• Esophageal hiatus: esophagus and anterior /posterior trunks of vagus nerve

Question 5

Epithelium of the cervix

Answer 5

• stratified non keratinized squamous epithelium: exoxervix and vagina
• simple columnar: endocervical canal

Question 6

epithelium of ovary

Answer 6

simple cuboidal

Question 7

• supraspinous
• infraspinous
• Teres minor
• Subscapularis

Answer 7

• abduction of arm
• external rotation
• adduction and external rotation
• adduction and internal rotation

Question 8

Ventral pancreatic bud

dorsal

Answer 8

ventral: uncinate process, head and main oancreatic duct
dorsal: tail, body and accesory pancreatic bud

Question 9

Groin Hernias

Answer 9

• Indirect inguinal: male infants, patent processus vaginalis, content protruded through deep inguinal ring. Lateral- inferior epigastric vessels.
• Direct inguinal: older man, weakness of traversalis fascia, protruded throug hesselback triangle. Medial to inferior epigastric vessels
• Femoral: women, weakness of proximal femoral canal,, protruded through femoral canal, inferior to inguinal ligament.

Question 10

origin of melanocytes

Answer 10

neural crest

Question 11

Endoderm

Answer 11

structures derived by primitive gut: Thyroid follicular cells, epithelial surfaces of trachea, bronqui, lungs, liver, pancreas, biliar tree, GI and bladder epithelium

Question 12

mesoderm

Answer 12

dermis, bones, muscles, blood vessels and visceral tissue

Question 13

neuroectoderm

Answer 13

SNC, preganglionic autonomic ganglions, retina and posterior pituitary

Question 14

surface ectoderm

Answer 14

epidermis, mammary glands, sweat glands, lens and adenohypophisis

Question 15

Tongue innervation

Answer 15

• Motor: hypoglossal nerve, exception of palatoglossal muscle innervated by vagus nerve.
• General sensory: anterior 2/3 mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve, posterior 1/3 glossopharyngeal nerve and posterior are of tonngue root: vagus nerve
• Taste: 2/3 anterior—– cordae tympany of facial nerve
  1/3 posterior: glossopharyngeal

Question 16

ovarian venous drainage

Answer 16

left—- left renal vein

right — inferior cava vein

Question 17

Structures origin neural crest cells?

Answer 17

MOTEL PASS 
M: Melanocytes
O: odontoblast
T: tracheal cartilage
E: enterochromafin cells
L: laryngeal cartilage 
P: arafollicular C cells
A: adrenal medulla
S: spiral membrane

Question 18

Which is the correct order of vessels in retinal artery oclussion?

Answer 18

internal carotid—– ophtalmic artery– retinal artery

Question 19

biventricular pacemaker

Answer 19

Requiere 2 o 3 three leads
firts 2 leads placed in right atrium and ventricle
other in left ventricule: resides in atrioventricular groove

Question 20

Thoracic outlet syndrome

Answer 20

scalene muscles (anterior-middle)
compression of posterior trunk of branchial plexus 
subclavian vein and artery
--- cervical rib!
trauma or repetitive movements

Question 21

which are the most vulnerable hypoxic ischemic insults in brain?

Answer 21

purkinje cell in cerebellum
pyramidal cells in hippocampus
neocortex

Question 22

Midgut malrotation

Answer 22

Incomplete counterclockwise rotation (270°)

• cecum will rest in superior right quadrant
• fibrous band connect retroperitoneum in RLQ to right colon/cecum passing over the second part of duodenum——– causing intestinal obstruction

Question 23

Functional anatomy of cerebellum

Answer 23

• cerebellar hemispheres: motor planning and coordination, ipsilateral (dysmetria, dysdiadochokinecia and intentional tremor)
• Vermis: modulate axial and truncal posture and coordination. (truncal ataxia)
• Floculonodular hemiphere: eye movement and balance. (nystagmus and vertigo)

Question 24

Cadherins

Answer 24

Desmoglein, desmocollins, E- cadherine
Adhesion proteins that bind epithelial cells together
Forms adherens junctions and desmosomes

Question 25

Tyrosine kinase receptor

Answer 25

transduce signals from hormones, epidermal growth factor, plateet derived growth factor
- transmembrane protein———— have extrecellular binding ligand, hydrophobisc transmembrane region and intracellular domain
Activation causing dimerization of two identical receptor subunits———each subunits phosphorylates the other.

Question 26

Dandy walker malformation vs chiari

Answer 26

DW: hypoplasia or abscence of cerebellar vermis with cystic dilation of fourth ventricle
Chiari: congenital structural abnormales caused by defects in craniocervical and hindbraind development. displacement of elongated cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum.

Question 27

Recurrent laryngeal nerves

Answer 27

branch of vagus nerve
innervate: posterior and lateral cricoarithenois, oblique and transverse arytenoids, thyroaritenoid.
Except cricothyroid (superior laryngeal nerve)

Question 28

Unmyelinated neurons

Answer 28

group C nerve fibers

• postganglionic autonomic nervous system axons
• afferent neurons: conduct heat sensation, transmit slow onset dull, burning and visceral pain.
• first order bipolar sensory neurons of olfaction

Question 29

Any unilateral visual pathway lesion distal to optic chiasm can cause…

Answer 29

contralateral homonymous hemianopsia

Question 30

Infraorbital nerve

Answer 30

continuation of maxillary nerve

damaged result in numbness and paresthesias of upper check, lip and upper gingiva

Question 31

In horshoe kidney which vessel interfered with kidney ascens?

Answer 31

Inferior mesenteric artery, because horshoe kidney crosses the midline anterior to the aorta and posterior to IMA

Question 32

Gonadal arteries arise from?

Answer 32

abdominal aorta

Question 33

supinator canal

Answer 33

tha deep branch of radial nerve pass through this canal and become interosseous nerve (innervates muscles that involved the extension of fingers and thumb)
injury due repetitive pronation/supination, direct trauma or dislocation of radius (triceps reflex, extension of carpi and sensitive are normal, different in lesion of radal nerve in midshaft of humerus (sensitive and total extension are damaged no triceps reflex), all is damaged when the lesion is in axilla.

Question 34

Splenic artery branches

Answer 34

• Pancreatic branches
• Left Gastroepiploic artery (greater curvature of stomach)
• Short gastric (greater curvature of the stomach)—- morevulnerable to isquemic lesion because have less anastomoses

Question 35

Incomplete development of the pleuroperitoneal membrane

Answer 35

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia—– leads to lung hypoplasia due to stomach hernia.

Question 36

The pelvic splanchnic nerves

Answer 36

Arise from sacral spinal nerves S2-S4
Innervation of the pelvic and genital organs, regulate the emptying of the urinary bladder, control opening and closing of the internal urethral sphincter, influence motility in the rectum, erection.

Question 37

Cardinal veins become

Answer 37

systemic venous circulation

Question 38

Kiesselbach plexus

Answer 38

septal branch of anterior etmoidal artery
lateral nasal branch of sphenopalatine artery
Septal branch of superior labial artery: facial artery

Question 39

thunderclap headache + CN III palsy (mydriasis, ptosis, “down and out” eye)

Answer 39

rupture of saccular aneurysm (subarachnoid hemorrhage) posterior communicating artery