Anatomy Flashcards
In the gut, where are the cells that replaces enterocytes?
In crypts of Lieberkühn
Which are the ligaments that support the ovary?
- Ovary ligament – binds the ovary to uterus
- infundibulopelvis (suspensory)—- binds ovary to pelvic wall, ovary vessels
Fracture in mid shaft humerus in the region of spiral groove
Lesion of radial nerve– compromise of wrist extension, sparing triceps branchi— elbow extension.
Diaphragm contain three major apertures
- vena caval foramen: inferior vena cava
- aortic hiatus: aorta, thoracic duct and azigos vein
- Esophageal hiatus: esophagus and anterior /posterior trunks of vagus nerve
Epithelium of the cervix
- stratified non keratinized squamous epithelium: exoxervix and vagina
- simple columnar: endocervical canal
epithelium of ovary
simple cuboidal
- supraspinous
- infraspinous
- Teres minor
- Subscapularis
- abduction of arm
- external rotation
- adduction and external rotation
- adduction and internal rotation
Ventral pancreatic bud
dorsal
ventral: uncinate process, head and main oancreatic duct
dorsal: tail, body and accesory pancreatic bud
Groin Hernias
- Indirect inguinal: male infants, patent processus vaginalis, content protruded through deep inguinal ring. Lateral- inferior epigastric vessels.
- Direct inguinal: older man, weakness of traversalis fascia, protruded throug hesselback triangle. Medial to inferior epigastric vessels
- Femoral: women, weakness of proximal femoral canal,, protruded through femoral canal, inferior to inguinal ligament.
origin of melanocytes
neural crest
Endoderm
structures derived by primitive gut: Thyroid follicular cells, epithelial surfaces of trachea, bronqui, lungs, liver, pancreas, biliar tree, GI and bladder epithelium
mesoderm
dermis, bones, muscles, blood vessels and visceral tissue
neuroectoderm
SNC, preganglionic autonomic ganglions, retina and posterior pituitary
surface ectoderm
epidermis, mammary glands, sweat glands, lens and adenohypophisis
Tongue innervation
- Motor: hypoglossal nerve, exception of palatoglossal muscle innervated by vagus nerve.
- General sensory: anterior 2/3 mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve, posterior 1/3 glossopharyngeal nerve and posterior are of tonngue root: vagus nerve
- Taste: 2/3 anterior—– cordae tympany of facial nerve
1/3 posterior: glossopharyngeal
ovarian venous drainage
left—- left renal vein
right — inferior cava vein
Structures origin neural crest cells?
MOTEL PASS M: Melanocytes O: odontoblast T: tracheal cartilage E: enterochromafin cells L: laryngeal cartilage P: arafollicular C cells A: adrenal medulla S: spiral membrane
Which is the correct order of vessels in retinal artery oclussion?
internal carotid—– ophtalmic artery– retinal artery
biventricular pacemaker
Requiere 2 o 3 three leads
firts 2 leads placed in right atrium and ventricle
other in left ventricule: resides in atrioventricular groove
Thoracic outlet syndrome
scalene muscles (anterior-middle) compression of posterior trunk of branchial plexus subclavian vein and artery --- cervical rib! trauma or repetitive movements
which are the most vulnerable hypoxic ischemic insults in brain?
purkinje cell in cerebellum
pyramidal cells in hippocampus
neocortex
Midgut malrotation
Incomplete counterclockwise rotation (270°)
- cecum will rest in superior right quadrant
- fibrous band connect retroperitoneum in RLQ to right colon/cecum passing over the second part of duodenum——– causing intestinal obstruction
Functional anatomy of cerebellum
- cerebellar hemispheres: motor planning and coordination, ipsilateral (dysmetria, dysdiadochokinecia and intentional tremor)
- Vermis: modulate axial and truncal posture and coordination. (truncal ataxia)
- Floculonodular hemiphere: eye movement and balance. (nystagmus and vertigo)
Cadherins
Desmoglein, desmocollins, E- cadherine
Adhesion proteins that bind epithelial cells together
Forms adherens junctions and desmosomes
Tyrosine kinase receptor
transduce signals from hormones, epidermal growth factor, plateet derived growth factor
- transmembrane protein———— have extrecellular binding ligand, hydrophobisc transmembrane region and intracellular domain
Activation causing dimerization of two identical receptor subunits———each subunits phosphorylates the other.
Dandy walker malformation vs chiari
DW: hypoplasia or abscence of cerebellar vermis with cystic dilation of fourth ventricle
Chiari: congenital structural abnormales caused by defects in craniocervical and hindbraind development. displacement of elongated cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum.
Recurrent laryngeal nerves
branch of vagus nerve
innervate: posterior and lateral cricoarithenois, oblique and transverse arytenoids, thyroaritenoid.
Except cricothyroid (superior laryngeal nerve)
Unmyelinated neurons
group C nerve fibers
- postganglionic autonomic nervous system axons
- afferent neurons: conduct heat sensation, transmit slow onset dull, burning and visceral pain.
- first order bipolar sensory neurons of olfaction
Any unilateral visual pathway lesion distal to optic chiasm can cause…
contralateral homonymous hemianopsia
Infraorbital nerve
continuation of maxillary nerve
damaged result in numbness and paresthesias of upper check, lip and upper gingiva
In horshoe kidney which vessel interfered with kidney ascens?
Inferior mesenteric artery, because horshoe kidney crosses the midline anterior to the aorta and posterior to IMA
Gonadal arteries arise from?
abdominal aorta
supinator canal
tha deep branch of radial nerve pass through this canal and become interosseous nerve (innervates muscles that involved the extension of fingers and thumb)
injury due repetitive pronation/supination, direct trauma or dislocation of radius (triceps reflex, extension of carpi and sensitive are normal, different in lesion of radal nerve in midshaft of humerus (sensitive and total extension are damaged no triceps reflex), all is damaged when the lesion is in axilla.
Splenic artery branches
- Pancreatic branches
- Left Gastroepiploic artery (greater curvature of stomach)
- Short gastric (greater curvature of the stomach)—- morevulnerable to isquemic lesion because have less anastomoses
Incomplete development of the pleuroperitoneal membrane
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia—– leads to lung hypoplasia due to stomach hernia.
The pelvic splanchnic nerves
Arise from sacral spinal nerves S2-S4
Innervation of the pelvic and genital organs, regulate the emptying of the urinary bladder, control opening and closing of the internal urethral sphincter, influence motility in the rectum, erection.
Cardinal veins become
systemic venous circulation
Kiesselbach plexus
septal branch of anterior etmoidal artery
lateral nasal branch of sphenopalatine artery
Septal branch of superior labial artery: facial artery
thunderclap headache + CN III palsy (mydriasis, ptosis, “down and out” eye)
rupture of saccular aneurysm (subarachnoid hemorrhage) posterior communicating artery
