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pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what could cause endothelial injury?

A 
atheroma
vasculitis
smoking
hypertension
chemical irritation
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2
Q

what causes abnormal blood flow?

A 
stasis
aneurysm
dilated atria
AF
varicose veins
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3
Q

what treatment would be most appropriate for DVT?

A

red thrombus so anticoagulants like warfarin, heparin, NOACs (rivaroxaban, dabigatran)

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4
Q

give examples of anti platelet drugs

A

aspirin
clopidogrel
ticagrelor-p2y12
tirofiban-gbiib/iiia

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5
Q

how are fatty streaks formed?

A

endothelial cell dysfunction>macrophage attraction which take up lipid to form foam cells

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6
Q

what is infarction?

A

cell death due to lack of blood supply

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7
Q

components of the innate immune system

A

barriers
inflammation
interferon
macrophages

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8
Q

components of the adaptive immune system

A

lymphocytes
MHC
lymphoid organs
mast cells

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9
Q

what are APCs?

A

macrophages
dendritic cels
B cells

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10
Q

what type of MHC do all cells have?

A

class 1

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11
Q

what does IgD do?

A

B cell activation

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12
Q

what does IgE do

A

histamine release from mast cells in parasitic infection and allergy

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13
Q

give examples of type I hypersensitivity

A

asthma
aspirin reaction
penicillin allergy

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14
Q

type III hypersensitivity

A

deposition of immune complexes like vasculitis

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15
Q

type IV hypersensitivity

A

T cell mediated-granulomas, TB

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16
Q

type II hypersensitivity

A

cytotoxic reaction with complement activation-methotrexate reaction

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17
Q

what will B cell deficiency lead to?

A

parasitic infection
gastric malignancy
NHS
enteric infection

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18
Q

what will T cell deficiency lead to?

A

less respiratory burst to pneumococcal chest infections

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19
Q

features of clinically latent HIV

A

persistent generalised lymphadenopathy

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20
Q

features of early symptomatic HIV

A 
oral candidiasis
oral hairy leukoplakia
VZV
peripheral neuropathy
consitutional
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21
Q

when does MHCII binding occur

A

activation of T cells to become CD4

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22
Q

what attaches to mannose in the mannose pathway?

A

mannose binding lectin, this cleaves 2 and 4

23
Q

what immunity do whole killed vaccines stimulate

A

humoral

24
Q

what immunity do live attenuated vaccines stimulate?

A

humoral

cell mediated cytotoxicity

25
Q

live attenuated vaccines

A

BCG
MMR
rotavirus

26
Q

why are boosters used?

A

to increase baseline level of IgG in the blood because the onset of illness is rapid

27
Q

whole killed vaccines

A

diptheria
influenza
hepatitis A

28
Q

what type of hypersensitivity reaction involves deposition of immune complexes?

A

type III

29
Q

how is severe combine immunodeficiency transmitted?

A

it is X linked

30
Q

what does the adaptive immune response recognise?

A

epitopes

31
Q

what do antigens do?

A

activate complement (M)
activate CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)
opsonise
neutralise toxin and virus

32
Q

what is reiter’s syndrome

A

urethritis
conjuctivitis
reactive arthritis

33
Q

what will low complement lead to

A

N meningitidis infection

SLE

34
Q

define dysplasia

A

increased cell growth leading to them having atypical morphology and cellular immaturity, progression of cancer

35
Q

define neoplasia

A

new autonomous growth from abnormal, uncoordinated and excessive cell growth

36
Q

what is invasive

A

when a tumour invades and destroys the tumour it originated in, also called malignant, cells are anaplastic and poorly defined.

37
Q

list the complications of malignant tumours

A

blood loss from ulcers
obstruction of blood flow
hormone production

38
Q

which way do malignant tumours grow?

A

endophytic

39
Q

what kind of tumour is invasive but not metastatic?

A

basal cell carcinoma

40
Q

what is an adenocarcinoma?

A

malignant tumour of the glandular epithelium

41
Q

what is a sarcoma

A

malignant tumour of connective tissue

42
Q

what do neoplastic cells recruit?

A

stroma for support and blood supply

43
Q

what does adjuvant therapy aim to eliminate?

A

micrometastases

44
Q

what carcinogen do you get from smoking?

A

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

45
Q

what virus causes Burkitt’s lymphoma

A

Epstein Barre, HIV increases susceptibility

46
Q

premalignant conditions

A

ulcerative colitis
cervical dysplasia
colonic polyps
undescended testis

47
Q

what does herceptin do?

A

prevents effect of human epidermal growth factor 2

48
Q

what is invasion?

A

when tumours destroy cells and get through the basement membrane or the ECM

49
Q

list the stages of metastasis

A

invasion of basement membrane and ECM
intravasation
evasion of host immunity
extravasation

50
Q

why are the lungs a common site of metastasis?

A

from any area of the body, small cancerous cells can become lodged in the small vessels and invade

51
Q

what causes cellular ageing?

A

less division of cells and in non dividing cells the wearing out of tissues

52
Q

where can people go for help with bereavement

A

hospice
Cruse helpline
GP for referral

53
Q

define cardioresp death

A

simultaneous and irreversible onset of apnoea, absence of circulation and unconsciousness

54
Q

most common cause of death in UK

A

men: heart disease, dementia, lung ca
women: dementia, heart disease, stroke

Pathology (21 decks)

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