pathology

Question 1

what could cause endothelial injury?

Answer 1

atheroma
vasculitis
smoking
hypertension
chemical irritation

Question 2

what causes abnormal blood flow?

Answer 2

stasis
aneurysm
dilated atria
AF
varicose veins

Question 3

what treatment would be most appropriate for DVT?

Answer 3

red thrombus so anticoagulants like warfarin, heparin, NOACs (rivaroxaban, dabigatran)

Question 4

give examples of anti platelet drugs

Answer 4

aspirin
clopidogrel
ticagrelor-p2y12
tirofiban-gbiib/iiia

Question 5

how are fatty streaks formed?

Answer 5

endothelial cell dysfunction>macrophage attraction which take up lipid to form foam cells

Question 6

what is infarction?

Answer 6

cell death due to lack of blood supply

Question 7

components of the innate immune system

Answer 7

barriers
inflammation
interferon
macrophages

Question 8

components of the adaptive immune system

Answer 8

lymphocytes
MHC
lymphoid organs
mast cells

Question 9

what are APCs?

Answer 9

macrophages
dendritic cels
B cells

Question 10

what type of MHC do all cells have?

Answer 10

class 1

Question 11

what does IgD do?

Answer 11

B cell activation

Question 12

what does IgE do

Answer 12

histamine release from mast cells in parasitic infection and allergy

Question 13

give examples of type I hypersensitivity

Answer 13

asthma
aspirin reaction
penicillin allergy

Question 14

type III hypersensitivity

Answer 14

deposition of immune complexes like vasculitis

Question 15

type IV hypersensitivity

Answer 15

T cell mediated-granulomas, TB

Question 16

type II hypersensitivity

Answer 16

cytotoxic reaction with complement activation-methotrexate reaction

Question 17

what will B cell deficiency lead to?

Answer 17

parasitic infection
gastric malignancy
NHS
enteric infection

Question 18

what will T cell deficiency lead to?

Answer 18

less respiratory burst to pneumococcal chest infections

Question 19

features of clinically latent HIV

Answer 19

persistent generalised lymphadenopathy

Question 20

features of early symptomatic HIV

Answer 20

oral candidiasis
oral hairy leukoplakia
VZV
peripheral neuropathy
consitutional

Question 21

when does MHCII binding occur

Answer 21

activation of T cells to become CD4

Question 22

what attaches to mannose in the mannose pathway?

Answer 22

mannose binding lectin, this cleaves 2 and 4

Question 23

what immunity do whole killed vaccines stimulate

Answer 23

humoral

Question 24

what immunity do live attenuated vaccines stimulate?

Answer 24

humoral

cell mediated cytotoxicity

Question 25

live attenuated vaccines

Answer 25

BCG MMR rotavirus

Question 26

why are boosters used?

Answer 26

to increase baseline level of IgG in the blood because the onset of illness is rapid

Question 27

whole killed vaccines

Answer 27

diptheria influenza hepatitis A

Question 28

what type of hypersensitivity reaction involves deposition of immune complexes?

Answer 28

type III

Question 29

how is severe combine immunodeficiency transmitted?

Answer 29

it is X linked

Question 30

what does the adaptive immune response recognise?

Answer 30

epitopes

Question 31

what do antigens do?

Answer 31

activate complement (M) activate CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocytes) opsonise neutralise toxin and virus

Question 32

what is reiter's syndrome

Answer 32

urethritis conjuctivitis reactive arthritis

Question 33

what will low complement lead to

Answer 33

N meningitidis infection | SLE

Question 34

define dysplasia

Answer 34

increased cell growth leading to them having atypical morphology and cellular immaturity, progression of cancer

Question 35

define neoplasia

Answer 35

new autonomous growth from abnormal, uncoordinated and excessive cell growth

Question 36

what is invasive

Answer 36

when a tumour invades and destroys the tumour it originated in, also called malignant, cells are anaplastic and poorly defined.

Question 37

list the complications of malignant tumours

Answer 37

blood loss from ulcers obstruction of blood flow hormone production

Question 38

which way do malignant tumours grow?

Answer 38

endophytic

Question 39

what kind of tumour is invasive but not metastatic?

Answer 39

basal cell carcinoma

Question 40

what is an adenocarcinoma?

Answer 40

malignant tumour of the glandular epithelium

Question 41

what is a sarcoma

Answer 41

malignant tumour of connective tissue

Question 42

what do neoplastic cells recruit?

Answer 42

stroma for support and blood supply

Question 43

what does adjuvant therapy aim to eliminate?

Answer 43

micrometastases

Question 44

what carcinogen do you get from smoking?

Answer 44

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Question 45

what virus causes Burkitt's lymphoma

Answer 45

Epstein Barre, HIV increases susceptibility

Question 46

premalignant conditions

Answer 46

ulcerative colitis cervical dysplasia colonic polyps undescended testis

Question 47

what does herceptin do?

Answer 47

prevents effect of human epidermal growth factor 2

Question 48

what is invasion?

Answer 48

when tumours destroy cells and get through the basement membrane or the ECM

Question 49

list the stages of metastasis

Answer 49

invasion of basement membrane and ECM intravasation evasion of host immunity extravasation

Question 50

why are the lungs a common site of metastasis?

Answer 50

from any area of the body, small cancerous cells can become lodged in the small vessels and invade

Question 51

what causes cellular ageing?

Answer 51

less division of cells and in non dividing cells the wearing out of tissues

Question 52

where can people go for help with bereavement

Answer 52

hospice Cruse helpline GP for referral

Question 53

define cardioresp death

Answer 53

simultaneous and irreversible onset of apnoea, absence of circulation and unconsciousness

Question 54

most common cause of death in UK

Answer 54

men: heart disease, dementia, lung ca women: dementia, heart disease, stroke