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Pathology > microbiology > Flashcards

microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is direct transmission?

A

happens off surfaces, it includes the faco-oral route

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2
Q

what is C. diff resistant to?

A 
alcohol
chlorine
clindamycin
cephlasporins
ciprofloxacin
co-amoxiclav
carbapenems
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3
Q

outline the treatment of C diff

A

SIGHT suspect, isolate, gloves & aprons, hand washing, test stool for toxin
treat with oral vancomycin or metronidazole

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4
Q

what are the 2 types of E. coli?

A

enterotoxigenic (watery diarrhoea) and enterohaemorrhagic

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5
Q

what might enterohaemorrhagic (includes O157) cause?

A

renal failure due to the Shiga toxin, bloody diarrhoea or haemolytic uraemic syndrome

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6
Q

what is haemolytic uraemic syndrome

A

a triad of haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and acute kidney failure

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7
Q

give some common causes of gastroenteritis

A

Campylobacter jejuni
Staph aureus from food handlers
Bacillus cereus
Shigella sonnei

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8
Q

how do you differentiate between streptococci?

A

haemolysis and optochin and Lancefield

no bubbles so you put it on a plate

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9
Q

how do you differentiate between staphylococci?

A

coagulase, aureus is +ve

all over the place, put in liquid-bubbly on coagulase

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10
Q

what can strep pyogenes (A) cause?

A

impetigo
RF
cellulitis

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11
Q

what can staph aureus cause

A

septic arthritis

cellulitis

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12
Q

give some examples of gram -ve cocci

A

Neisseria meningitidis

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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13
Q

which gram negative bacilli have fastidious growth requirements?

A

helicobacter
campylobacter
legionella

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14
Q

which bacteria causes Guillian Barre syndrome?

A

campylobacter jejuni

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15
Q

give examples of AIDS defining conditions

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma
Karposis sarcoma
pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

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16
Q

what is h influenza pneumonia associated with?

A

COPD

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17
Q

what is the treatment for UTI?

A

trimethoprim or nitrofurantoin

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18
Q

common cellulitis organisms

A

strep pyogenes

staph aureus

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19
Q

what is the incubation period of salmonella in food poisoning

A

12-48hours

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20
Q

what is the incubation period of bacillus cereus in food poisoning

A

1-6hours with staph aureus

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21
Q

what is the incubation period of campylobacter

A

24-72 hours

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22
Q

what are the symptoms of campylobacter food poisoning?

A

profuse diarrhoea-bloody

severe abdominal pain

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23
Q

what might C. diff infection cause?

A

pseudomembranous colitis

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24
Q

give some risk factors for C diff infection

A 
elderly
antibiotics
immunocompromised
PPIs
nursing home
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25
Q

give a side effect of RIPE

A

Rifampicin-orange urine
Isoniazid-polyneuropathy (B6)
Pyrazinamide-gout
Ethambutol-optic neuritis

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26
Q

why does gram +ve stain purple

A

thick layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall

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27
Q

what test do you do on strep that are green on blood agar?

A

alpha haemolytic so optiochin tes, pneumoniae +ve

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28
Q

what is a coagulase -ve staph?

A

staph epidermidis

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29
Q

how do you distinguish between non lactose fermenting gram -ve bacilli?

A

oxidase test-pseudomonas +ve

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30
Q

what is a worrying gram -ve cocci?

A

Neisseria meninigitidis

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31
Q

most common cause of fe

A

strep viridans

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32
Q

what is needed for IE diagnosis

A

2 major, 1 minor
1 major, 3 minors
5 minors

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33
Q

strep IE ABx?

A

iv benzylpenicillin
iv gentamycin
iv

34
Q

staph IE ABx?

A

iv flucloxacillin

iv gentamycin

35
Q

define hospital acquired pneumonia

A

new onset cough with purulent sputum, acquired 2+ days of admission, CXR shows consolidation, as well as CAP organisms: Klebsiella pneumoniae; SA; MRSA; pseudomonas aeruginosa

36
Q

what factors are required for h influenzae growth?

A

X and V on chocolate agar

37
Q

what does h influenzae cause?

A

exacerbations of COPD

38
Q

at what age is the HPV vaccine given?

A

12-13

39
Q

how is mycobacterium different to other bacteria?

A

intracellular

40
Q

what are skin infections mostly caused by?

A

gram +ve
staph aureus
strep pyogenes

41
Q

which kind of streptococci do you use the optochin test on?

A

alpha haemolytic

42
Q

what is Lancefield grouping for?

A

separating the beta haemolytic streptococci

43
Q

what changes happen to the CSF in bacterial meningitis?

A

low glucose
high protein
bacterial meningitis

44
Q

what antibiotic should be started empirically for meningitis?

A

cefotaxime

45
Q

what causes encephalitis?

A

herpes simplex

enteroviruses

46
Q

what is the treatment for encephalitis?

A

iv aciclovir

47
Q

symptoms of UTI

A

dysuria
frequency
suprapubic pain

48
Q

lower UTI treatment

A

trimethoprim

49
Q

upper UTI treatment

A

gentamycin
cefuroxime
co-amoxiclav

50
Q

protease inhibitor for HIV

A

saquinavir

51
Q

non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

A

efavirenz

52
Q

nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

A

zidovudine

53
Q

what is HAART

A

highly active antiretroviral therapy:
2 NNRTI+ 1 NRTI
2 NNRTI+1 PI

54
Q

what should you do if you suspect sepsis?

A 
Blood cultures
Urine output
Fluid resus iv
Antibiotics iv
Lactate monitoring
Oxygen
55
Q

symptoms of sepsis

A 
fever
shivering
feeling dizzy or faint
N&V
myalgia
SOB
decreased urine production
56
Q

what causes whooping cough?

A

Bordatella pertussis

57
Q

What causes syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

58
Q

What are the species of malaria?

A

Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium malariae

59
Q

what mosquito transmits malaria

A

female Anopheles

60
Q

what bacteria are aerobic?

A

Streptococci
Staphylococci
all gram -ve bacteria

61
Q

what is MRSA

A

methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus so resistant to flucloxacillin, treat with clarithromycin and erythromycin

62
Q

what type of bacteria are susceptible to penicillins

A

Streptococci

63
Q

what is benzylpenicillin used for?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus pyogenes

64
Q

why are tropical diseases neglected

A 
lack of reliable statistics
poor populations so low profile
remote areas
conflict zones
not a public health priority
65
Q

what antibiotics are commonly used for UTIs?

A

trimethoprim

gentamycin

66
Q

what bacteria can vancomycin be used against?

A

gram +ve

67
Q

meningococcal rash

A

petechial rash or purpura

68
Q

non lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli

A

Shigella
Salmonella
Listeria monocytogenes
Neisseria meningitidis

69
Q

symptoms of mononucleosis

A 
myalgia
sore throat
tiredness
fever
splenomegaly
70
Q

risk factors for obesity

A 
BME
shift work
FHx
disability
lower socioeconomic groups
71
Q

peptide YY

A

reduces hunger

72
Q

neuropeptide Y

A

induces hunger

73
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

reduces hunger

74
Q

ghrelin

A

increases hunger

75
Q

leptin

A

decreases hunger-deficiency will make you fat

76
Q

drugs for obesity

A

orlistat>steatorrhoea

77
Q

mycobacterium tuberculosis medium

A

Lowenstein-Jensen medium

78
Q

what grows on chocolate agar

A

Hamophilus influenzae

Neisseria meningitidis

79
Q

what is leishmaniasis caused by?

A

leishmania protozoae spread by sandflies

80
Q

what is amoebiasis?

A

dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytica

Pathology (21 decks)

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