microbiology

Question 1

what is direct transmission?

Answer 1

happens off surfaces, it includes the faco-oral route

Question 2

what is C. diff resistant to?

Answer 2

alcohol
chlorine
clindamycin
cephlasporins
ciprofloxacin
co-amoxiclav
carbapenems

Question 3

outline the treatment of C diff

Answer 3

SIGHT suspect, isolate, gloves & aprons, hand washing, test stool for toxin
treat with oral vancomycin or metronidazole

Question 4

what are the 2 types of E. coli?

Answer 4

enterotoxigenic (watery diarrhoea) and enterohaemorrhagic

Question 5

what might enterohaemorrhagic (includes O157) cause?

Answer 5

renal failure due to the Shiga toxin, bloody diarrhoea or haemolytic uraemic syndrome

Question 6

what is haemolytic uraemic syndrome

Answer 6

a triad of haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and acute kidney failure

Question 7

give some common causes of gastroenteritis

Answer 7

Campylobacter jejuni
Staph aureus from food handlers
Bacillus cereus
Shigella sonnei

Question 8

how do you differentiate between streptococci?

Answer 8

haemolysis and optochin and Lancefield

no bubbles so you put it on a plate

Question 9

how do you differentiate between staphylococci?

Answer 9

coagulase, aureus is +ve

all over the place, put in liquid-bubbly on coagulase

Question 10

what can strep pyogenes (A) cause?

Answer 10

impetigo
RF
cellulitis

Question 11

what can staph aureus cause

Answer 11

septic arthritis

cellulitis

Question 12

give some examples of gram -ve cocci

Answer 12

Neisseria meningitidis

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Question 13

which gram negative bacilli have fastidious growth requirements?

Answer 13

helicobacter
campylobacter
legionella

Question 14

which bacteria causes Guillian Barre syndrome?

Answer 14

campylobacter jejuni

Question 15

give examples of AIDS defining conditions

Answer 15

Burkitt’s lymphoma
Karposis sarcoma
pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

Question 16

what is h influenza pneumonia associated with?

Answer 16

COPD

Question 17

what is the treatment for UTI?

Answer 17

trimethoprim or nitrofurantoin

Question 18

common cellulitis organisms

Answer 18

strep pyogenes

staph aureus

Question 19

what is the incubation period of salmonella in food poisoning

Answer 19

12-48hours

Question 20

what is the incubation period of bacillus cereus in food poisoning

Answer 20

1-6hours with staph aureus

Question 21

what is the incubation period of campylobacter

Answer 21

24-72 hours

Question 22

what are the symptoms of campylobacter food poisoning?

Answer 22

profuse diarrhoea-bloody

severe abdominal pain

Question 23

what might C. diff infection cause?

Answer 23

pseudomembranous colitis

Question 24

give some risk factors for C diff infection

Answer 24

elderly
antibiotics
immunocompromised
PPIs
nursing home

Question 25

give a side effect of RIPE

Answer 25

Rifampicin-orange urine Isoniazid-polyneuropathy (B6) Pyrazinamide-gout Ethambutol-optic neuritis

Question 26

why does gram +ve stain purple

Answer 26

thick layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall

Question 27

what test do you do on strep that are green on blood agar?

Answer 27

alpha haemolytic so optiochin tes, pneumoniae +ve

Question 28

what is a coagulase -ve staph?

Answer 28

staph epidermidis

Question 29

how do you distinguish between non lactose fermenting gram -ve bacilli?

Answer 29

oxidase test-pseudomonas +ve

Question 30

what is a worrying gram -ve cocci?

Answer 30

Neisseria meninigitidis

Question 31

most common cause of fe

Answer 31

strep viridans

Question 32

what is needed for IE diagnosis

Answer 32

2 major, 1 minor 1 major, 3 minors 5 minors

Question 33

strep IE ABx?

Answer 33

iv benzylpenicillin iv gentamycin iv

Question 34

staph IE ABx?

Answer 34

iv flucloxacillin | iv gentamycin

Question 35

define hospital acquired pneumonia

Answer 35

new onset cough with purulent sputum, acquired 2+ days of admission, CXR shows consolidation, as well as CAP organisms: Klebsiella pneumoniae; SA; MRSA; pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 36

what factors are required for h influenzae growth?

Answer 36

X and V on chocolate agar

Question 37

what does h influenzae cause?

Answer 37

exacerbations of COPD

Question 38

at what age is the HPV vaccine given?

Answer 38

12-13

Question 39

how is mycobacterium different to other bacteria?

Answer 39

intracellular

Question 40

what are skin infections mostly caused by?

Answer 40

gram +ve staph aureus strep pyogenes

Question 41

which kind of streptococci do you use the optochin test on?

Answer 41

alpha haemolytic

Question 42

what is Lancefield grouping for?

Answer 42

separating the beta haemolytic streptococci

Question 43

what changes happen to the CSF in bacterial meningitis?

Answer 43

low glucose high protein bacterial meningitis

Question 44

what antibiotic should be started empirically for meningitis?

Answer 44

cefotaxime

Question 45

what causes encephalitis?

Answer 45

herpes simplex | enteroviruses

Question 46

what is the treatment for encephalitis?

Answer 46

iv aciclovir

Question 47

symptoms of UTI

Answer 47

dysuria frequency suprapubic pain

Question 48

lower UTI treatment

Answer 48

trimethoprim

Question 49

upper UTI treatment

Answer 49

gentamycin cefuroxime co-amoxiclav

Question 50

protease inhibitor for HIV

Answer 50

saquinavir

Question 51

non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Answer 51

efavirenz

Question 52

nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Answer 52

zidovudine

Question 53

what is HAART

Answer 53

highly active antiretroviral therapy: 2 NNRTI+ 1 NRTI 2 NNRTI+1 PI

Question 54

what should you do if you suspect sepsis?

Answer 54

``` Blood cultures Urine output Fluid resus iv Antibiotics iv Lactate monitoring Oxygen ```

Question 55

symptoms of sepsis

Answer 55

``` fever shivering feeling dizzy or faint N&V myalgia SOB decreased urine production ```

Question 56

what causes whooping cough?

Answer 56

Bordatella pertussis

Question 57

What causes syphilis?

Answer 57

Treponema pallidum

Question 58

What are the species of malaria?

Answer 58

Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium malariae

Question 59

what mosquito transmits malaria

Answer 59

female Anopheles

Question 60

what bacteria are aerobic?

Answer 60

Streptococci Staphylococci all gram -ve bacteria

Question 61

what is MRSA

Answer 61

methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus so resistant to flucloxacillin, treat with clarithromycin and erythromycin

Question 62

what type of bacteria are susceptible to penicillins

Answer 62

Streptococci

Question 63

what is benzylpenicillin used for?

Answer 63

Streptococcus pneumoniae | Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 64

why are tropical diseases neglected

Answer 64

``` lack of reliable statistics poor populations so low profile remote areas conflict zones not a public health priority ```

Question 65

what antibiotics are commonly used for UTIs?

Answer 65

trimethoprim | gentamycin

Question 66

what bacteria can vancomycin be used against?

Answer 66

gram +ve

Question 67

meningococcal rash

Answer 67

petechial rash or purpura

Question 68

non lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli

Answer 68

Shigella Salmonella Listeria monocytogenes Neisseria meningitidis

Question 69

symptoms of mononucleosis

Answer 69

``` myalgia sore throat tiredness fever splenomegaly ```

Question 70

risk factors for obesity

Answer 70

``` BME shift work FHx disability lower socioeconomic groups ```

Question 71

peptide YY

Answer 71

reduces hunger

Question 72

neuropeptide Y

Answer 72

induces hunger

Question 73

Cholecystokinin

Answer 73

reduces hunger

Question 74

ghrelin

Answer 74

increases hunger

Question 75

leptin

Answer 75

decreases hunger-deficiency will make you fat

Question 76

drugs for obesity

Answer 76

orlistat>steatorrhoea

Question 77

mycobacterium tuberculosis medium

Answer 77

Lowenstein-Jensen medium

Question 78

what grows on chocolate agar

Answer 78

Hamophilus influenzae | Neisseria meningitidis

Question 79

what is leishmaniasis caused by?

Answer 79

leishmania protozoae spread by sandflies

Question 80

what is amoebiasis?

Answer 80

dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytica