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Transition block > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

hypertrophy

ex

A

increase in cell size

cardiac hypertrophy - increased resistance in htn, athletes

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2
Q

dysplasia is what

A

benign
disorganised growth
no stimulus
underlined by mutations

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3
Q

adenoma

A

glandular benign dysplasia

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4
Q

malignant glandular

A

adenocarcinoma

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5
Q

an adenoma can increase the risk of what cancer

A

colon cancer

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6
Q

what is metaplasia

A

reversible change from one mature cell to another mature cell in response to a stimulus

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7
Q

where is squamous epithelium

A

mouth, genitilia, nasal cavity

anywhere that is exposed to the external environment

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8
Q

squamous epithelial in lungs

A

not normal ]only if smoker - metaplastic change

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9
Q

squamous epithelium change to columnar epithelium

A

barrets

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10
Q

cancer in top third of oesophagus

A

squamous

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11
Q

cancer in lower third of oesophagus

A

adenocarcinoma

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12
Q

bladder metaplasia

A

long term catheters leading to squamous carcinoma

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13
Q

schistoswanna

A

leads to squamous carcinoma in the bladder

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14
Q

risk factors for endometrial cancer

A

high BMI

unopposed oestrogen

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15
Q

Lynch syndrome

A

autosomal dominant
colorectal cancer
cervical cancer

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16
Q

hereditary non pollipous colorectal cancer (HNPCC)

A

microsattilite instability

abnormalities of mismatch protein
increased colorectal endometrial and TCC

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17
Q

every person will colorectal cancer will be screened for what

A

lynch syndrome

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18
Q

leiomyomas

A

neoplastic

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19
Q

neoplasia doesn’t have a what

A

stimulus

can be benign or malignant

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20
Q

histological features of malignancy

A

more purple as nucleus> cytoplasm - hyperchromatic
mitotic figures
necrosis - grows faster than the blood supply can supply it
apoptosis can be seen
high cellularity
pleomorphism - no two nuclei look the same all look very big

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21
Q

CGIN

A

glandular abnormality

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22
Q

what kind of stain done on cervical smears

A

PAP stain

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23
Q

koilocytes

A

infection HPV but no dysplasia

24
Q

most common cause of an ovarian cyst is

A

follicular cyst related to ovulation
can regress
some have lots of them - PCOS

25
Q

epithelial ovarian tumours

A

older women
post meno
present late
weight gain, bloating, non specific symptoms

26
Q

germ cell ovarian tumours

A

any age but mostly younger

27
Q

commonest GCT

A

teratoma - most common - ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

28
Q

dysgerminoma

A

called seminoma in testes

29
Q

sex cord tours

A

any age but mostly younger age

fibromas, granulosa, lyedig cells

30
Q

GCTs

A

trophoblastic
dysgerminomas
choriocarcinoma
yolk sac tumour

31
Q

what inflam cells are most consistent with reaction to foreign material

A

histocytes

32
Q

granulomas are a common inflam response to

A 
foreign bodies 
infection - TB (casious necrosis in them)
psoriasis 
parasites
AI disease
sarcoid
33
Q

what can cause vaginal bleeding and a positive pregnancy and a high HCG

A

molar preg
choriocarcinoma
ovarian germ cell tumours

34
Q

what will not result with a high HCG

A

placental abruption

placental preavia

35
Q

complete mole

A

no maternal DNA

36
Q

incomplete mole

A

2 sperms and one ovum

37
Q

molar preg
10% complete
2.5% complete
partial

A

not a malignancy
10% - invasive
2.5% - choriocarcinoma
partial - dont invade or become choriocarcinomas

38
Q

choriocarcinomas

A

50% occur after moles

rest de novo

39
Q

treatment for molar pregnancy

A

methotrexate - folate antagonist

40
Q

how long after treatment with metho can px can get pregnant again

A

long time

41
Q

young people get what types of cancer

A

blood brain and bone

42
Q

adults and elderly px get what type of cancers

A

epithelial

43
Q

what cancer doesn’t spread to supraclavicular node

A

primary colorectal carcinoma - spread to mesentery nodes

44
Q

axilla nodes

A

breast cancer

lymphoma

45
Q

para aortic nodes

A

testicular cancer

lymphoma

46
Q

supra clavicular nodes

A

gastric cancer

47
Q

signet ring morphology

A

adenocarcinoma

48
Q

thyroglossal cyst

A

embryological remnant -
children usually
move when you stick out your tongue

49
Q

thyroiditis

A

diffuse process doesn’t produce lumps

usually due to an immune response that will attack the whole gland

50
Q

enlarged lymph nodes

A

doesn’t move on swallowing

51
Q

abundent colloid and scattered sheets and aggregates of thyroid follicular epithelial cells
many cells exhibit oncotyic changes and in the background abundant lymphocytes

A

thyroiditis

52
Q

oncocyte

A

cell with increased mitochondria

53
Q

orphan annie nuclei

A

papillary thyroid cancer

54
Q

thyroid cancer - papillary
anapaestic
follicular
medullary

A

females, 30s
older
-
MEN

55
Q

management of EBV

A

check EBV serology, FBC rest

no ABs given

56
Q

if EBV was neg then what needs to be ruled out

A

HIV

Transition block (9 decks)

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