Pathology Flashcards
hypertrophy
ex
increase in cell size
cardiac hypertrophy - increased resistance in htn, athletes
dysplasia is what
benign
disorganised growth
no stimulus
underlined by mutations
adenoma
glandular benign dysplasia
malignant glandular
adenocarcinoma
an adenoma can increase the risk of what cancer
colon cancer
what is metaplasia
reversible change from one mature cell to another mature cell in response to a stimulus
where is squamous epithelium
mouth, genitilia, nasal cavity
anywhere that is exposed to the external environment
squamous epithelial in lungs
not normal ]only if smoker - metaplastic change
squamous epithelium change to columnar epithelium
barrets
cancer in top third of oesophagus
squamous
cancer in lower third of oesophagus
adenocarcinoma
bladder metaplasia
long term catheters leading to squamous carcinoma
schistoswanna
leads to squamous carcinoma in the bladder
risk factors for endometrial cancer
high BMI
unopposed oestrogen
Lynch syndrome
autosomal dominant
colorectal cancer
cervical cancer
hereditary non pollipous colorectal cancer (HNPCC)
microsattilite instability
abnormalities of mismatch protein
increased colorectal endometrial and TCC
every person will colorectal cancer will be screened for what
lynch syndrome
leiomyomas
neoplastic
neoplasia doesn’t have a what
stimulus
can be benign or malignant
histological features of malignancy
more purple as nucleus> cytoplasm - hyperchromatic
mitotic figures
necrosis - grows faster than the blood supply can supply it
apoptosis can be seen
high cellularity
pleomorphism - no two nuclei look the same all look very big
CGIN
glandular abnormality
what kind of stain done on cervical smears
PAP stain
koilocytes
infection HPV but no dysplasia
most common cause of an ovarian cyst is
follicular cyst related to ovulation
can regress
some have lots of them - PCOS
epithelial ovarian tumours
older women
post meno
present late
weight gain, bloating, non specific symptoms
germ cell ovarian tumours
any age but mostly younger
commonest GCT
teratoma - most common - ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
dysgerminoma
called seminoma in testes
sex cord tours
any age but mostly younger age
fibromas, granulosa, lyedig cells
GCTs
trophoblastic
dysgerminomas
choriocarcinoma
yolk sac tumour
what inflam cells are most consistent with reaction to foreign material
histocytes
granulomas are a common inflam response to
foreign bodies infection - TB (casious necrosis in them) psoriasis parasites AI disease sarcoid
what can cause vaginal bleeding and a positive pregnancy and a high HCG
molar preg
choriocarcinoma
ovarian germ cell tumours
what will not result with a high HCG
placental abruption
placental preavia
complete mole
no maternal DNA
incomplete mole
2 sperms and one ovum
molar preg
10% complete
2.5% complete
partial
not a malignancy
10% - invasive
2.5% - choriocarcinoma
partial - dont invade or become choriocarcinomas
choriocarcinomas
50% occur after moles
rest de novo
treatment for molar pregnancy
methotrexate - folate antagonist
how long after treatment with metho can px can get pregnant again
long time
young people get what types of cancer
blood brain and bone
adults and elderly px get what type of cancers
epithelial
what cancer doesn’t spread to supraclavicular node
primary colorectal carcinoma - spread to mesentery nodes
axilla nodes
breast cancer
lymphoma
para aortic nodes
testicular cancer
lymphoma
supra clavicular nodes
gastric cancer
signet ring morphology
adenocarcinoma
thyroglossal cyst
embryological remnant -
children usually
move when you stick out your tongue
thyroiditis
diffuse process doesn’t produce lumps
usually due to an immune response that will attack the whole gland
enlarged lymph nodes
doesn’t move on swallowing
abundent colloid and scattered sheets and aggregates of thyroid follicular epithelial cells
many cells exhibit oncotyic changes and in the background abundant lymphocytes
thyroiditis
oncocyte
cell with increased mitochondria
orphan annie nuclei
papillary thyroid cancer
thyroid cancer - papillary
anapaestic
follicular
medullary
females, 30s
older
-
MEN
management of EBV
check EBV serology, FBC rest
no ABs given
if EBV was neg then what needs to be ruled out
HIV
