Pathology

Question 1

What are the symptoms of neurologlycopenia?

Answer 1

1. Warmth
2. Weakness
3. Disorientation
4. Seizures
5. Coma
6. Death

Question 2

What are the neurogenic symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Answer 2

1. Shakiness
2. Palpitations
3. HR
4. BP up
5. Sweaty, pale

Question 3

What happens when someone is hypoglycemia unresponsive?

Answer 3

1. Their threshold for autonomic signals is much lower, so may have no symptoms until sudden onset at very low levels
2. Often occurs in elderly, many episodes of hypo, or diabetic neuropathy

Question 4

What are the 4 mechanisms of hypoglycemia?

Answer 4

1. Excess insulin production
2. Defective glucose production
3. Decrease in alternative fuel sources
4. defective counter hormones for insulin

Question 5

What is Whipple’s Triad?

Answer 5

1. Low plasma glucose
2. Symptoms
3. Relief of symptoms when plasma glucose goes up

Question 6

How does hypothyroidism raise cholesterol?

Answer 6

1. Decrease ldl receptor expression
2. Decrease hepatic lipase activity
   3, decrease bile acid synthesis

Question 7

What are the secondary causes of hyperlipidemia?

Answer 7

4Ds
Diet (waist, BMI, EtOH, exercise)
Disease (Renal, nephrotic, liver, autoimmune)
Dysmetabolism (diabetes, hypothyroidism, pregnancy)
Drugs: Diuretics (thiazide, beta blockers), steroids (glucocorticoids, estrogen, anabolic) Other (HIV, cyclosporine)

Question 8

How do we calculate LDL?

Answer 8

TC- (HDL+ TG/2.2)