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Endocrine > Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

A
  1. Leutenizing hormone
  2. Follicle stimulating hormone
  3. Prolactin
  4. Thyroid stimulating hormone
  5. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
  6. Growth hormone
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2
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A

ADH

Oxytocin

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3
Q

What properties do protein/peptide hormones have?

A
  1. Made from amino acid chains
  2. Lipophobic- cannot pass cell membrane
  3. So can be stored in vesicles
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4
Q

What properties do steroid hormones have?

A
  1. Derived from cholesterol
  2. Lipophilic so freely diffuse across membranes
  3. So cannot be stored
  4. Transport in blood usually bound to carrier proteins
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5
Q

How does a Gprotein receptor work?

A
  1. Hormone binds receptor extra cellular domain
  2. GTP binds to alpha domain of G protein
  3. This is now ACTIVE
  4. Alpha subunit detaches, binds other protein coupled to receptor
  5. May activate second messenger systems: cAMP, CGMP, DAG, IP3, calcium
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6
Q

How do enzyme linked receptors work?

A
  1. Transmembrane protein
  2. Hormone binding induces conformational change
  3. Causes activation of intracellular domains
  4. Target protein binds with SH2 domain
  5. Activates signal transduction cascades
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7
Q

What are some protein hormone examples?

A 
Growth hormone
Parathyroid hormone
Insulin
Glucagon
Prolactin
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8
Q

What are examples of amine hormones?

A

Thyroxine
Epinephrine
Dopamine

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9
Q

What are the essential properties of hormone receptors?

A
  1. Recognition: must bind with high affinity and selectivity
  2. Response: binding triggers signal transduction to have some deserved effect on cell
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10
Q

Which hormones oppose insulin?

A

Growth hormone
Glucagon
Cortisol
Epinephrine

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11
Q

What is the position of the pituitary gland?

A

In the middle cranial fossa, enclosed by the diaphragma sellae. Within the diencephalon, central core of brain.

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12
Q

What is the blood supply of the pituitary?

A

The cavernous part of the internal carotid artery. Also supplied by superior & inferior hypophyseal arteries

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13
Q

What is the relationship anatomically between the hypothalamus and pituitary?

A

Anatomic: both are within diencephalon. Hypothalamus lies above pituitary. Connected by stem/infundibulum

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14
Q

What is the physiological relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary?

A
  1. Linked to posterior pituitary via neurons (carry ADH & oxytocin for release)
  2. Linked to anterior pituitary via portal system- signals are given through here.
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15
Q

Anatomic location of thyroid gland

A

Below the thyroid cartilage of the larynx, anterior to trachea

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16
Q

Anatomic location of parathyroid glands

A

Posterior aspect of thyroid gland

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17
Q

What hormones do the adrenal glands secrete?

A 
Cortex:
1. Mineralcorticoids (ie aldosterone)
2. Glucocorticoids (ie. cortisol)
3. Sex hormones (testosterone,androgens)
Medulla:
1. Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine)
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18
Q

Glut4

A

Transports glucose into muscle and fat

Insulin induced

19
Q

GLUT2

A

Transports glucose into liver and pancreas

LOW sensitivity so only does when HIGH glucose levels

20
Q

GLUT1/GLUT3

A

Transports glucose into brain

HIGH sensitivity so maintains brain power supply

21
Q

How does glucose get absorbed?

A

Via active transport into enterocytes using SGLT1 (sodium cotransporter)

22
Q

How does glucose get into the bloodstream from gut?

A

Passive transport via GLUT2 transporters

23
Q

What are the three fates of glucose once absorbed by cells?

A
  1. Metabolism to ATP (glycolysis, TCA, lactic acid fermentation, oxidative phosphorylation)
  2. Storage as glycogen
  3. Conversion to fatty acids via lipogenesis
24
Q

What processes does insulin release affect?

A
  1. Expression of GLUT4 transporter on muscle and fat cells
  2. Upregulate glycogen formation
  3. Upregulate metabolism/ATP formation
  4. Upregulate protein formation
  5. Upregulate lipogenesis
25
Q

What processes does glucagon stimulate?

A
  1. Liver:
    A. glycogen breakdown
    B. Gluconeogenesis
    C. Fatty acid oxidation and ketone body production
  2. Muscle: proteolysis
26
Q

What fuel can the brain use?

A

Glucose

Ketone bodies

27
Q

Chylomicrons

A
  1. Origin: intestine
  2. Composition: TG 10: CE 1
  3. Major proteins: Apo B48
  4. Metabolized by LPL
28
Q

Chylomicron remnants

A
  1. Origin: Chylomicrons
  2. Major proteins: ApoE (from HDL)
  3. Removed in liver via LRP1 and LDL receptor
29
Q

VLDL

A
  1. Origin: Liver
  2. Composition: TG 5: CE 1
  3. Major proteins: Apo E
  4. Metabolized by LPL into IDL
30
Q

IDL

A
  1. Origin: VLDL
  2. Composition: CE=TG
  3. Major proteins: Apo E
  4. Metabolized by hepatic lipase into LDL
  5. Removed in liver via LDL receptor
31
Q

LDL

A
  1. Origin: IDL
  2. Composition: CE
  3. Major proteins: ApoB100
  4. Taken up in peripheral tissues via LDL receptor mediated endocytosis
  5. Taken up for excretion in liver
32
Q

HDL

A
  1. Origin: liver, small intestine, plams
  2. Major proteins: ApoA1
  3. Scavenge LDL from periphery
  4. Donate LDL to other lipoproteins
  5. Deliver LDL for steroidogenesis
  6. Deliver LDL to liver for excretion.
33
Q

Lipema Retinalis

A

Hypertriglyceridemia

White cast to retinal vessels

34
Q

Eruptive xanthomas

A

Hypertriglyceridemia

Buttocks, extensor surfaces

35
Q

Xanthelasmas

A

Hypercholesterolemia

Yellow plaques on eyelids

36
Q

Tuberous Xanthomas

A

Hypercholesterolemia

Red/orange large non tender nodules

37
Q

Tendon Xanthomas

A

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Thickening of tendons

38
Q

Corneal Arcus

A

Hypercholesterolemia

Grey ring around eye

39
Q

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

A

Mutation of LDL receptor gene means cholesterol cannot be scavenged by liver or peripheral tissue

40
Q

Palmar xanthomas

A

Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia

Orange palmar creases

41
Q

Orange tonsils

A

Tangier’s Disease

42
Q

Fish Eyes

A

LCAT deficiency

43
Q

Blood supply of thyroid?

A
  1. Superior thyroid artery (from external carotid)

2. Inferior thyroid artery (from subclavian)

Endocrine (12 decks)

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