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Renal > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main type of tumour of the penis?

A

Squamous

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2
Q

Typical feature of Bowen’s disease

A

Dry, crusting appearance of skin

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3
Q

Typical feature of Erythroplasia of Queyrat

A

Glans penis develops raised red velvety appearance

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4
Q

Percentage of squamous tumours of the penis that develop invasive carcinoma?

A

5%

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5
Q

Aetiology of squamous penis tumours

A

poor hygiene

HPV infection

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6
Q

What causes benign nodular hyperplasia of prostate (BNH) ?

A

hormonal imbalance due to altered androgen/oestrogen ratio (^^ oestrogen)

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7
Q

BNH complications

A

bladder hypertrophy

diverticulum formation

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8
Q

complications of untreated BNH

A

hydroureter
hydronephrosis
infection

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9
Q

Management of BNH

A

mainly drug tx: ALPHA BLOCKERS, 5 alpha reductase inhibitors

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10
Q

Is BNH pre malignant?

A

no

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11
Q

most common age group for prostate carcinoma?

A

60 - 80

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12
Q

Does lymphatic spread occur early or late in prostate carcinoma?

A

Early

> sacral, iliac and para-aortic nodes

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13
Q

What lobe does prostatic carcinoma most commonly occur?

A

Posterior

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14
Q

How is prostatic carcinoma treated?

A

Hormonal treatment:
* oestrogens (have anti androgen effect)
* cyproterone
Radiotherapy if painful bony mets and if elderly man where surgery is contraindicated

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15
Q

What increases risk x10 of testicular tumours?

A

testicular mal-descent

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16
Q

What type of tumour is responsible for 90% of testicular tumours? what are the subtypes?

A

Germ cell tumours

  • seminoma
  • teratoma
  • mixed
17
Q

What can be caused by Leydig cell stromal testicular tumours?

A

Gynaecomastia because they often give rise to secondary hormonal secretion

18
Q

Age group for seminoma

A

30 - 50

19
Q

What lymph nodes to seminoma spread to?

A

para-aortic (often massive)

20
Q

Is seminoma radiosensitive?

A

Yes :) 95% cure rate!!!!

21
Q

Age group of teratoma

A

20 - 30

kids can get it too

22
Q

Most malignant type of teratoma?

A

Malignant Teratoma Trophonlastic

23
Q

Tumour markers
bHCG?
AFP?
PLAP?

A

bHCG - trophoblastic components
AFP - yolk sac components
PLAP - seminoma

24
Q

Is glomerulonephritis usually infective cause?

A

No

25
Q

What does glomerulonephritis principally involve?

A

Filtration units of the nephron

26
Q

Commonest cause of pyelonephritis?

A

Bacterial - E Coli

can be other coliforms too

27
Q

Pyelonephritis commoner in M or F?

A

Females

28
Q

Risk factors for pyelonephritis?

A 
Pregnancy 
Instrumentation/surgery
VUR (vesico-ureteric reflux) 
Urinary tract obstruction 
Diabetes
29
Q

What is vesico-ureteric reflux?

A

Reflux of urine back up ureter due to ureters entering bladder perpendicularly rather than obliquely - can be congenital or acquired (from surgery)

30
Q

What is often associated with chronic pyelonephritis?

A

Hypertension

severe cases - might be uraemic

31
Q

Common pathophysiology for Tuberculous pyelonephritis?

A

haematogenous spread from site in the lung

32
Q

Commonest pathogens in cystitis?

A

Ecoli - mostly
klebsiella
proteus
pseudomonas

33
Q

What are the reactive changes seen in cystitis?

A

Urethritis and cystitis cystic - multiple small fluid filled cysts extending into the lumen - can resemble tumours

34
Q

Can TB infection affect the bladder?

A

Yes, can spread from kidneys via urine

35
Q

What can prolonged bladder outlet obstruction cause?

A

Detrusor hypertrophy

diverticulum

36
Q

What is hydronephrosis

A

dilatation of pelvicalyceal system and parenchymal atrophy due to urinary tract obstruction and reflux of urine

37
Q

What is the name given to secondary infection from hydronephrosis?

A

Pyonephrosis

- pus rather than urinary sediment

Renal (9 decks)

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