Anatomy

Question 1

At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?

Answer 1

L4

Question 2

What muscle surrounds the kidney medially? posteriorly?

Answer 2

medially - psoas major

posteriorly - quadrates lumborum

Question 3

In what vertebral levels do the left and right kidneys lie?

Answer 3

Left - T12 - L2

Right - L1 - L3

Question 4

In the renal area, are the veins or arteries on top?

Answer 4

the veins are on top of the arteries

Question 5

What nodes does lymph from the kidneys drain to?

Answer 5

lumbar nodes

Question 6

what lymph nodes does lymph from the ureters drain to?

Answer 6

lumbar and iliac nodes

Question 7

what is hydronephrosis?

Answer 7

water inside the kidney

Question 8

what muscle forms the pelvic floor?

Answer 8

levator ani

Question 9

where is the false pelvis?

true pelvis?

Answer 9

false pelvis = iliac crests to pelvic inlet

true pelvis = pelvic inlet to pelvic floor

Question 10

what is the most inferior part of the male peritoneal cavity?

Answer 10

rectovesicle pouch

Question 11

what is the most inferior part of the female peritoneal cavity?

Answer 11

rectouterine pouch (pouch of douglas)

Question 12

do the ureters run superiorly or inferiorly to the uterine tubes and uterine artery / vas deferens?

Answer 12

inferiorly

‘water under the bridge’

Question 13

the vesicle, uterine, middle rectal, vaginal and prostatic arteries are branches from which artery?

Answer 13

internal iliac artery

Question 14

When empty, where is the bladder?

Answer 14

in the true pelvis

can extend up to the false pelvis when full

Question 15

what is always in contact with the bladder?

Answer 15

the superior wall of the peritoneum

Question 16

what muscle makes up the bladder wall?

Answer 16

detrusor

Question 17

what is another name for the spongy urethra?

where is it found?

Answer 17

penile urethra

its within the corpus spongiosum

Question 18

where is sperm stored?

Answer 18

epididymis

Question 19

what is the sac called that the testis sits within?

how many layers does it have?

Answer 19

the tunica vaginalis 
2 layers (if the layers fill with fluid this is called a hydrocele)

Question 20

what does the spermatic cord contain?

Answer 20

testicular artery, pampiniform venous plexus, vas deferens, lymphatics

Question 21

where is the epididymis situation in relation to the testis?

Answer 21

at its posterior aspect

Question 22

what come together to form the ejaculatory duct?

Answer 22

seminal vesicle and the vas deferens

Question 23

what is the inferior aspect of the prostate gland in contact with?

Answer 23

the levator ani muscle

Question 24

corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosum
which is anterior in the penis?
which transmits the deep arteries of the penis?
what does the other transmit?

Answer 24

corpus spongiosum is anterior and expands distally to form the glans
the corpus cavernous is posterior and transmits the deep arteries of the penis
the corpus songiosum transmits the spongy urethra

Question 25

between which cord levels do sympathetic nerve fibres leave the CNS?

Answer 25

T1 - L2

Question 26

within which nerves to sympathetic nerve fibres reach structures in the body?

Answer 26

splanchnic nerves

Question 27

How do sympathetic nerve fibres get from CNS to kidneys, ureters, bladder?

Answer 27

leave between T10 and L2
enter the sympathetic chain but dont synapse
leave the chain within abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
synapse at the abdominal sympathetic ganglia located around the abodminal aorta
postsynaptic fibres pass on the surface of arteries to get to the organs

Question 28

What nerves to parasympathetic nerve fibres leave the CNS within?

Answer 28

only 4 CNs: 3, 7, 9, 10
and the sacral spinal nerves
“craniosacral outflow”

Question 29

what nerve carries parasympathetics to the kidneys and uerters?

Answer 29

VAGUS

Question 30

what nerves carry parasympathetics to the bladder?

Answer 30

pelvic splanchnic nerves

- leave at s2,3,4

Question 31

The only parts of the renal system that somatic fibres go to are …

Answer 31

those within the perineum

i.e. urethra and its sphincter

Question 32

where do afferent nerve fibres from the kidneys enter the CNS? and the ureters? and how do they get there

Answer 32

run alongside sympathetic fibres
from kidney, enter between T11-L1
from ureters, enter between T11-L2

Question 33

Explain how afferent nerve fibres get from the bladder to the CNS?

Answer 33

From the part touching the peritoneum, visceral afferent fibres run along sympathetics and enter at T11-L2
from the rest of the bladder, visceral afferents run alongside parasympathetics and enter at s2,3,4

Question 34

how do visceral afferent and somatic sensory fibres get from urethra to CNS?

Answer 34

from proximal urethra the fibres run alongside parasympathetics
from the remaining urethra, somatic sensory fibres are carried in the pudendal nerve
all enter at s 2,3,4

Question 35

how do visceral afferents reach CNS from the testis?

Answer 35

run along parasympathetics and enter between T10 - 11

Question 36

what compartments of the thigh do the femoral obturator and sciatic nerves supply?
what nerves are they made from?

Answer 36

femoral and obturator are formed from L2,3,4
sciatic is formed from L4-S3
femoral supplies anterior compartment of the thigh
obturator supplies the medial compartment of the thigh
sciatic supplies the posterior compartment of the thigh