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MS II Unit 3 > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What causes Exudative Tonsillitis? (many viruses/ EBV/ HSV-1/ Paramyxovirus/ Cocksackie virus)

A

Many viruses, culture to tell if bacterial or viral

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2
Q

What causes oral hairy leukoplakia? (many viruses/ EBV/ HSV-1/ Paramyxovirus/ Cocksackie virus)

A

EBV

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3
Q

What causes herpes labialis? (many viruses/ EBV/ HSV-1/ Paramyxovirus/ Cocksackie virus)

A

HSV-1

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4
Q

What causes Mumps? (many viruses/ EBV/ HSV-1/ Paramyxovirus/ Cocksackie virus)

A

Paramyxovirus

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5
Q

What causes Herpangina? (many viruses/ EBV/ HSV-1/ Paramyxovirus/ Cocksackie virus)

A

Cocksackie virus

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6
Q

What causes Hand-Foot-and-Mouth disease? (many viruses/ EBV/ HSV-1/ Paramyxovirus/ Cocksackie virus)

A

Cocksackie virus

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7
Q

Draining sinus tract from facial or cervical area with ‘sulfer granules’ (actinomyces israelii/ Cornyebacterium diptheriae/ S. pyogenes/ S. aureus/ T. pallidum)

A

Actinomycyes israelii

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8
Q

Toxin produces “shaggy” gray pseudomembrane in posterior pharynx and upper airway (actinomyces israelii/ Cornyebacterium diptheriae/ S. pyogenes/ S. aureus/ T. pallidum)

A

Cornyebacterium diptheriae

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9
Q

Peritonsillar abscess with uvula deviation to contralateral side (actinomyces israelii/ Cornyebacterium diptheriae/ S. pyogenes/ S. aureus/ T. pallidum)

A

Strept pyogenes

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10
Q

Scarlet fever (actinomyces israelii/ Cornyebacterium diptheriae/ S. pyogenes/ S. aureus/ T. pallidum)

A

Strep pyogenes

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11
Q

Sialadenitis, bacterial inflam. of salivary glands (actinomyces israelii/ Cornyebacterium diptheriae/ S. pyogenes/ S. aureus/ T. pallidum)

A

Staph aureus

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12
Q

Pharyngitis, potential for rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis (actinomyces israelii/ Cornyebacterium diptheriae/ S. pyogenes/ S. aureus/ T. pallidum)

A

Strep pyogenes

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13
Q

Abnormality of incisors, notched and tapered like a peg (actinomyces israelii/ Cornyebacterium diptheriae/ S. pyogenes/ S. aureus/ T. pallidum)

A

T. pallidum

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14
Q

Erythema multiform that affects the mouth is called ______ ______ Syndrome

A

Steven-Johnson Syndrome

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15
Q

autoimune small vessel systemic vasculitis with 1. oral aphthous ulcers, 2. genital ulcers 3. uveitits is called ______

A

Behçet’s syndrome

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16
Q

Melanin pigmentation of the of the lips and oral mucosa (lead poisoning/ Addison disease/ Peutz-Jeghers syndrome)

A

Peutz Jeghers syndrome

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17
Q

Increased ACTH stimulates melanocytes ->melanin on buccal mucosa (lead poisoning/ Addison disease/ Peutz-Jeghers syndrome)

A

Addison disease

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18
Q

Blue line along gingival margin (lead poisoning/ Addison disease/ Peutz-Jeghers syndrome)

A

lead poisoning

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19
Q

Most common benign tumor of the oral cavity (squamous papillomas/ ameloblastoma)

A

squamous papillomas

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20
Q

Benign tumor arises from enamal organ epithelium or a dentigerous cyst (squamous papillomas/ ameloblastoma)

A

ameloblastoma

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21
Q

Most common cancer of the upper lip (Verrucous carcinoma/ squamous cell carcinoma/ Basal cell carcinoma)

A

Basal cell carcinoma

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22
Q

Associated with smokeless tobacco (Verrucous carcinoma/ squamous cell carcinoma/ Basal cell carcinoma)

A

Verrucous carcinoma

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23
Q

Benign Salivary gland tumor epithelial cells intermixed with myxomatous and cartilagenous stroma (pleomorphic ademona/ Warthin tumor/ mucoepidermoid carcinoma)

A

pleomorphic adenoma

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24
Q

Benign parotid gland tumor associated with smoking (pleomorphic ademona/ warthin tumor/ mucoepidermoid carcinoma)

A

Warthin tumor

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25
Q

Most common malignant salivary gland tumor (pleomorphic ademona/ warthin tumor/ mucoepidermoid carcinoma)

A

mucoepidermoid carcinoma

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26
Q

Slow twitch red fibers are type (I/II)

A

type I

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27
Q

Fast twitch white fibers are type (I/II)

A

type II

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28
Q

The nematode parasite from poorly cooked pork, larve encyst in striated muscle is called _____ ______

A

Trichinella spiralis, Trichinosis

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29
Q

DMD is a (point/frameshift) mutation

A

frameshift

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30
Q

DMD is inherited (XLR/AD)

A

x-linked recessive

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31
Q

Myotonic dystrophy is inherited (XLR/AD)

A

Autosomal Dominent

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32
Q

pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles is seen in (DMD/ myotonic dystrophy/ myasthenia gravis)

A

DMD

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33
Q

Adult muscular dystrophy (DMD/ myotonic dystrophy/ myasthenia gravis)

A

MD: myotonic dystrophy

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34
Q

Facial muscle weakness with frontal balding and cardiac involvement (DMD/ myotonic dystrophy/ myasthenia gravis)

A

MD: myotonic dystrophy

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35
Q

Is a type II hypersensitivity reaction (DMD/ myotonic dystrophy/ myasthenia gravis)

A

myasthenia gravis

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36
Q

can be treated with thymectomy (DMD/ myotonic dystrophy/ myasthenia gravis)

A

myasthenia gravis, removes site of antibody production

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37
Q

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) causes (intracellular/extracellural) cerebral edema

A

intracellular

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38
Q

meningitis and encephalitis can cause (intracellular/extracellural) cerebral edema

A

extracellular

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39
Q

lead poisoning can cause (intracellular/extracellural) cerebral edema

A

extracellular

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40
Q

A patient with head trauma should be (hyperventiliated/hypoventilated) to cause cerebral vessel constriction

A

hyperventilated ->respiratory alkalosis -> cerebral vessel constriction ->reduce cerebral edema

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41
Q

idiopathic CSF resorption by arachnoid villi decrease resulting in increased CSF pressure is called (pseudotumor cerebri/ hydrocephalus)

A

pseudotumor cerebri

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42
Q

What are the 3 most common brain herniations?

A
  1. Subfalcine
  2. Uncinate (uncal)
  3. Tonsillar (of cerebellum)
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43
Q

Compression of CN III causes (myosis/mydriasis)

A

mydriasis

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44
Q

Which causes compression of the anterior cerebellar artery? (subfalcine/ uncal/ tonsillar) herniation

A

subfalcine herniation

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45
Q

Which compresses CN III causing the eye to turn ‘down and out’ (subfalcine/ uncal/ tonsillar) herniation

A

uncal herniation

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46
Q

Which can cause cardiorespiratory arrest (subfalcine/ uncal/ tonsillar) herniation

A

tonsillar herniation, compresses brain stem

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47
Q

increased CSF volume causing enlargement of the ventricles is called (pseudotumor cerebri/ hydrocephalus)

A

hydrocephalus

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48
Q

Dilation of the ventricles dues to cerebral atrophy is called __________

A

hydrocephalus ex vacuo

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49
Q

A low CSF glucose is expected in (viral/ bacterial) meningitis

A

bacterial, except mumps, HSV and lymphocytic choriomeningitis

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50
Q

Viral meningitis usually has a predominance of (neutrophiles/ lymphocytes)

A

neutrophiles in the first 24hrs

lymphocytes in 2-3 days

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51
Q

normal pressure hydrocephalus (does/ does not) improve when CSF is removed

A

does

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52
Q
  1. Wide gait
  2. Urinary incontinence
  3. Dementia
    Dx:
A

normal pressure hydrocephalus

pejorative: ‘wet wobbly wacky’

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53
Q

A fetus with anencephaly will have (polyhydramnios/oligohydramnios)

A

polyhydramnios

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54
Q

Caudal extension of the medulla and cerebral vermis through the foramen magnum is called
(arnold-chiari malformation/ dandy walker malformation/ syringomyelia/ phakomatoses)

A

arnold-chiari

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55
Q

Partial or complete absence of the cerebral vermis is called

(arnold-chiari malformation/ dandy walker malformation/ syringomyelia/ phakomatoses)

A

dandy-walker malformation

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56
Q

degenerative spinal cord disease with cystic enlargement of the cervical cord
(arnold-chiari malformation/ dandy walker malformation/ syringomyelia/ phakomatoses)

A

syringomyelia

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57
Q

disruption of the spinothalamic tracts results in loss of pain and temperature sensation in the hands
(arnold-chiari malformation/ dandy walker malformation/ syringomyelia/ phakomatoses)

A

syringomyelia

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58
Q

Causes non-communicating hydrocephalus

arnold-chiari malformation/ dandy walker malformation/ syringomyelia/ phakomatoses

A

arnold-chiari, dandy-walker and rare with syringomyelia

59
Q

malformations or tumors in the CNS

(arnold-chiari malformation/ dandy walker malformation/ syringomyelia/ phakomatoses)

A

phakomatoses

60
Q

What are the 3 types of Phakomatoses?

A
  1. Neurofibromatosis, NF1 and NF2
  2. Tuberous sclerosis
  3. Sturge-Weber syndrome
61
Q

NF1 mutation is on chromosome (17/22) codes for (neurofibromin/merlin)

A

17, neurofibromin

62
Q

NF2 mutation is on chromosome (17/22)

A

22, merlin

two for 2

63
Q

Associated with Cafe au lait macules, lisch nodules and axillary + inguinal freckling
(NF1/NF2/ tuberous sclerosis/ Sturge-Weber)

A

NF1

64
Q

Associated with Bilateral acoustic neuromas, meningiomans and spinal schwannomas
(NF1/NF2/ tuberous sclerosis/ Sturge-Weber)

A

NF2

65
Q

Rhabdomyoma of the of the heart is highly predictive of this condition
(NF1/NF2/ tuberous sclerosis/ Sturge-Weber)

A

tuberous sclerosis

66
Q

associated with mental retardation and seizures begining in infancy
(NF1/NF2/ tuberous sclerosis/ Sturge-Weber)

A

tuberous sclerosis

67
Q

vascular malformations on the face with a trigeminal nerve distribution
(NF1/NF2/ tuberous sclerosis/ Sturge-Weber)

A

Sturge-Weber

68
Q

Coup injuries are at the (site/opposite) of the injury

Contrecoup are at the (site/opposite) of the injury

A 
Coup = site
Contracoup = opposite
69
Q

shagreen patches and periunginal fibromas are associated with
(NF1/NF2/ tuberous sclerosis/ Sturge-Weber)

A

tuberous sclerosis

70
Q

The three major types of cerebrovascular disease are:

A
  1. thrombosis
  2. infarction
  3. hemorrhage
71
Q

What are the 4 types of strokes?

A
  1. Ischemic (atherosclerotic or embolic)
  2. Intracerebral hemorrhage
  3. Subarachnoid hemorrhage
  4. Lacunar stroke
72
Q

Yellow colored CSF due to bilirubin breakdown especially post berry aneurysm rupture is called __________

A

xanthochromia

73
Q

In a lacunar stroke, if the posterior limb of the internal capsule is involved, it will be a pure (motor/sensory) stroke

A

motor

74
Q

In a lacunar stroke, if the thalamus is involved it will be a pure (motor/sensory) stroke

A

sensory

75
Q

Hyperreflexia indicates (upper/lower) motor neuron Dz

A

upper

76
Q

Adult brain tumors occur (above/below) the tentorium cerebelli

A

70% above

77
Q

Child brain tumors occur (above/below) the tentorium cerebelli

A

70% below

78
Q

drains CSF from lateral to 3rd ventricle (foramen of monroe/ cerebral aquaduct)

A

foramen of monroe

79
Q

Arnold-Chiari type (I/II) obstruction of flow

A

II

80
Q

Arnold-Chiari type (I/II) no symptoms

A

I

81
Q

upper extremity loss of pain and temp sensation, preservation of fine touch and position sense
(arnold-chiari malformation/ dandy walker malformation/ syringomyelia/ phakomatoses)

A

syringomyelia

82
Q

pain and temperature sensation cross in the spinal cord at the ______ _____ ______

A

anterior white commissure

83
Q

Syringomyelia knocks out the (ant. white commissure/ dorsal column)

A

anterior white commissure

84
Q

Poliomyelitis results in motor impairment due to damage to the _______ _______

A

anterior horn

85
Q

In ALS, you have (upper/lower) motor neuron sign

A

Both! upper and lower

86
Q

No loss of pain or temperature sensation (Syringomyelia/ ALS)

A

ALS

87
Q

In familial ALS, there is a deficiency in the enzyme ____ ____ ____ ___ leading more more free radical damage

A

zinc-copper superoxide dismutase

88
Q

Trinucleotide repeat GAA is _____ _____

A

Friedreich ataxia

89
Q

the frataxin gene of Friedreich ataxia normally controls ____

A

mitochondrial iron, loss leads to oxidative damage of neurons

90
Q

the leptomeninges is composed of the _______ and _______

A

arachnoid and pia

91
Q

The most common cause of bacterial meningitis in neonates is ______

A

GBS, from delivery

92
Q

The most common cause of bacterial meningitis in teenagers is ________

A

N. meningitis

93
Q

The most common cause of bacterial meningitis in elderly adults is ______

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

94
Q

The most common cause of viral meningitis is ________

A

coxsackievirus

95
Q

the best place to do a lumbar puncture is at spinal level __ to __

A

L4-L5, won’t hit cord this low

96
Q

meningitis, LP shows neutorphiles, low glucose (bacterial/ viral/ fungal)

A

bacterial

97
Q

meningitis, LP shows lymphocytes, normal CSF glucose (bacterial/ viral/ fungal)

A

viral

98
Q

meningitis, LP shows lymphocytes, low CSF glucose (bacterial/ viral/ fungal)

A

fungal

99
Q

cortical laminar necrosis with moderate GCI affects cortex layer (1/2/3/4/5/6)

A

3, 5 + 6

100
Q

regional brain ischemia w/ focal neurologic deficits lasting less than 24 hrs is a ______

A

TIA, transient ischemic attack

101
Q

Strokes: Rupture of althlosclerotitc plaque, pale infarction (thrombotic/ embolic/ lacunar)

A

thrombotic

102
Q

Strokes: thrombus dislodged, hemorrhage infarct (thrombotic/ embolic/ lacunar)

A

embolic

103
Q

Stroke: due to hyaline arteriolosclerosis in small vessels (thrombotic/ embolic/ lacunar)

A

lacunar

104
Q

Stroke: often involves lenticulostriate vessels (thrombotic/ embolic/ lacunar)

A

lacunar

105
Q

Astrocytes hypertrophy and line a cystic space in the brain after necrosis is called ______

A

gliosis

106
Q

Bleeding in to the brain parenchyma is called _______

A

intracerebral hemorrhage

107
Q

Charcot–Bouchard aneurysms are most common in the ________ vessels

A

small, lenticulostriate

108
Q

sudden, severe headache, LP shows xanthochromia w/ nuchal rigidity
Dx:?

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

109
Q

most common at lenticulostriate vessels (Charcot–Bouchard aneurysms/ berry aneurysm)

A

Charcot–Bouchard aneurysms

110
Q

most common at anterior circle of Willis (Charcot–Bouchard aneurysms/ Berry aneurysm)

A

Berry aneurysm

111
Q

berry aneurysm lack a (intima/ media/ adventitia)

A

media

112
Q

collection of blood between the dura and the skull is called a _______ hematoma

A

epidural

113
Q

tearing of a bridging vein can lead to a _______ hematoma

A

subdural

114
Q

Myelination in the CNS is done by ______

A

oligodendrocytes

115
Q

Myelination in the PNS is done by ______

A

Schwann’s cells

116
Q

Inherited mutations in enzymes needed for production + maintenance of myelin are called ________

A

leukodystrophies

117
Q

Leukodystrophy, mutation in arylsulfatase, myelin cannot be degraded and accumulates in lysosomes

A

Metachromatic leukodystrophy

118
Q

Deficiency in galactocerebroside beta-galactosidase

A

Krabbe disease

119
Q

Autoimmune destruction of CNS myelin and oligodendrocytes is called _______ _______

A

multiple sclerosis

120
Q

If the medial longitudinal fasciculus, MLF, is impacted by MS, you will have the symptom of _______ _______

A

internuclear ophthalmoplegia

121
Q

LP shows increased lymphocytes with oligoclonal IgG bands and myelin basic protein
Dx?

A

Multiple Sclerosis, autoimmune

myelin basic protein released

122
Q

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is due to infection with _______ virus

A

measles

123
Q

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is due to infection with _______ virus

A

JC

124
Q

The alzheimers amyloid precursor protein, APP is carried on chromosome ____

A

21

125
Q

In alzheimers, neuritic plaques are extracellular accumulation of ___ _______

A

Aβ amyloid

126
Q

Helps stabilize microtubles as part of the cytoskeleton of nerve cells, ______ protein

A

tau

127
Q

neurofibrilory tangles, NFT, that makes nerve cells flame shaped are made up of ________ _______

A

hyperphosphylated tau protein

128
Q

Pick’s disease causes more damage to the (frontal/ temporal/ parietal/ occipital) lobes

A

frontal and temporal

129
Q

the Lewy bodies of parkinsons and Lewy body dementia are composed of _____

A

alpha-synuclein

130
Q

huntington’s disease is a loss of _____ergic neurons in the caudate nucleus

A

GABAergic

131
Q

hydrocephauls ex vacuo with loss of the caudate nucleus occurs in ________ disease

A

huntingtons

132
Q

Huntingtons is a trinucleotide repeat of ____

A

CAG

133
Q

neurological symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus are due to damage to what cerebral structure?

A

corona radiata

-> wet, wobbly, wacky

134
Q

Familial fatal insomnia is caused by a ______

A

prion

135
Q

A malignant tumor of astrocytes in adults is called a _____ ______

A

glioblastoma multiforma

136
Q

A glioblastoma multiforma often crosses the ______ _____

A

corpus callosum

137
Q

psudo-palisading around the tumor is characteristic of _______ ______

A

glioblastoma multiforma

138
Q

tumor at Cerebellar pontine angle, CPA with ringing in ears, CN8, S100+
Dx:

A

Schwannoma, benign

139
Q

the most common CNS tumors are of astrocytes, in kids they are ______ and in adults they are ______

A

kids: pilocytic astrocytoma
adults: glioblastoma

140
Q

CNS tumor in children: small round blue cells that wrap around neuritic processes
Dx?

A

Meduloblastoma

141
Q

CNS tumor in children, arises from epithelial remnants of Rathke’s pouch during embryology

A

craniopharyngioma

142
Q

Subacute sclerosing panecephalitis is due to infection with ______

A

measles virus

143
Q

Progressive multifocal leukencephalopathy is due to infection with _____

A

JC virus

MS II Unit 3 (10 decks)

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