Pathology Flashcards
1
Q
What causes Exudative Tonsillitis? (many viruses/ EBV/ HSV-1/ Paramyxovirus/ Cocksackie virus)
A
Many viruses, culture to tell if bacterial or viral
2
Q
What causes oral hairy leukoplakia? (many viruses/ EBV/ HSV-1/ Paramyxovirus/ Cocksackie virus)
A
EBV
3
Q
What causes herpes labialis? (many viruses/ EBV/ HSV-1/ Paramyxovirus/ Cocksackie virus)
A
HSV-1
4
Q
What causes Mumps? (many viruses/ EBV/ HSV-1/ Paramyxovirus/ Cocksackie virus)
A
Paramyxovirus
5
Q
What causes Herpangina? (many viruses/ EBV/ HSV-1/ Paramyxovirus/ Cocksackie virus)
A
Cocksackie virus
6
Q
What causes Hand-Foot-and-Mouth disease? (many viruses/ EBV/ HSV-1/ Paramyxovirus/ Cocksackie virus)
A
Cocksackie virus
7
Q
Draining sinus tract from facial or cervical area with ‘sulfer granules’ (actinomyces israelii/ Cornyebacterium diptheriae/ S. pyogenes/ S. aureus/ T. pallidum)
A
Actinomycyes israelii
8
Q
Toxin produces “shaggy” gray pseudomembrane in posterior pharynx and upper airway (actinomyces israelii/ Cornyebacterium diptheriae/ S. pyogenes/ S. aureus/ T. pallidum)
A
Cornyebacterium diptheriae
9
Q
Peritonsillar abscess with uvula deviation to contralateral side (actinomyces israelii/ Cornyebacterium diptheriae/ S. pyogenes/ S. aureus/ T. pallidum)
A
Strept pyogenes
10
Q
Scarlet fever (actinomyces israelii/ Cornyebacterium diptheriae/ S. pyogenes/ S. aureus/ T. pallidum)
A
Strep pyogenes
11
Q
Sialadenitis, bacterial inflam. of salivary glands (actinomyces israelii/ Cornyebacterium diptheriae/ S. pyogenes/ S. aureus/ T. pallidum)
A
Staph aureus
12
Q
Pharyngitis, potential for rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis (actinomyces israelii/ Cornyebacterium diptheriae/ S. pyogenes/ S. aureus/ T. pallidum)
A
Strep pyogenes
13
Q
Abnormality of incisors, notched and tapered like a peg (actinomyces israelii/ Cornyebacterium diptheriae/ S. pyogenes/ S. aureus/ T. pallidum)
A
T. pallidum
14
Q
Erythema multiform that affects the mouth is called ______ ______ Syndrome
A
Steven-Johnson Syndrome
15
Q
autoimune small vessel systemic vasculitis with 1. oral aphthous ulcers, 2. genital ulcers 3. uveitits is called ______
A
Behçet’s syndrome
16
Q
Melanin pigmentation of the of the lips and oral mucosa (lead poisoning/ Addison disease/ Peutz-Jeghers syndrome)
A
Peutz Jeghers syndrome
17
Q
Increased ACTH stimulates melanocytes ->melanin on buccal mucosa (lead poisoning/ Addison disease/ Peutz-Jeghers syndrome)
A
Addison disease
18
Q
Blue line along gingival margin (lead poisoning/ Addison disease/ Peutz-Jeghers syndrome)
A
lead poisoning
19
Q
Most common benign tumor of the oral cavity (squamous papillomas/ ameloblastoma)
A
squamous papillomas
20
Q
Benign tumor arises from enamal organ epithelium or a dentigerous cyst (squamous papillomas/ ameloblastoma)
A
ameloblastoma
21
Q
Most common cancer of the upper lip (Verrucous carcinoma/ squamous cell carcinoma/ Basal cell carcinoma)
A
Basal cell carcinoma
22
Q
Associated with smokeless tobacco (Verrucous carcinoma/ squamous cell carcinoma/ Basal cell carcinoma)
A
Verrucous carcinoma
23
Q
Benign Salivary gland tumor epithelial cells intermixed with myxomatous and cartilagenous stroma (pleomorphic ademona/ Warthin tumor/ mucoepidermoid carcinoma)
A
pleomorphic adenoma
24
Q
Benign parotid gland tumor associated with smoking (pleomorphic ademona/ warthin tumor/ mucoepidermoid carcinoma)
A
Warthin tumor
25
Most common malignant salivary gland tumor (pleomorphic ademona/ warthin tumor/ mucoepidermoid carcinoma)
mucoepidermoid carcinoma
26
Slow twitch red fibers are type (I/II)
type I
27
Fast twitch white fibers are type (I/II)
type II
28
The nematode parasite from poorly cooked pork, larve encyst in striated muscle is called _____ ______
Trichinella spiralis, Trichinosis
29
DMD is a (point/frameshift) mutation
frameshift
30
DMD is inherited (XLR/AD)
x-linked recessive
31
Myotonic dystrophy is inherited (XLR/AD)
Autosomal Dominent
32
pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles is seen in (DMD/ myotonic dystrophy/ myasthenia gravis)
DMD
33
Adult muscular dystrophy (DMD/ myotonic dystrophy/ myasthenia gravis)
MD: myotonic dystrophy
34
Facial muscle weakness with frontal balding and cardiac involvement (DMD/ myotonic dystrophy/ myasthenia gravis)
MD: myotonic dystrophy
35
Is a type II hypersensitivity reaction (DMD/ myotonic dystrophy/ myasthenia gravis)
myasthenia gravis
36
can be treated with thymectomy (DMD/ myotonic dystrophy/ myasthenia gravis)
myasthenia gravis, removes site of antibody production
37
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) causes (intracellular/extracellural) cerebral edema
intracellular
38
meningitis and encephalitis can cause (intracellular/extracellural) cerebral edema
extracellular
39
lead poisoning can cause (intracellular/extracellural) cerebral edema
extracellular
40
A patient with head trauma should be (hyperventiliated/hypoventilated) to cause cerebral vessel constriction
hyperventilated ->respiratory alkalosis -> cerebral vessel constriction ->reduce cerebral edema
41
idiopathic CSF resorption by arachnoid villi decrease resulting in increased CSF pressure is called (pseudotumor cerebri/ hydrocephalus)
pseudotumor cerebri
42
What are the 3 most common brain herniations?
1. Subfalcine
2. Uncinate (uncal)
3. Tonsillar (of cerebellum)
43
Compression of CN III causes (myosis/mydriasis)
mydriasis
44
Which causes compression of the anterior cerebellar artery? (subfalcine/ uncal/ tonsillar) herniation
subfalcine herniation
45
Which compresses CN III causing the eye to turn 'down and out' (subfalcine/ uncal/ tonsillar) herniation
uncal herniation
46
Which can cause cardiorespiratory arrest (subfalcine/ uncal/ tonsillar) herniation
tonsillar herniation, compresses brain stem
47
increased CSF volume causing enlargement of the ventricles is called (pseudotumor cerebri/ hydrocephalus)
hydrocephalus
48
Dilation of the ventricles dues to cerebral atrophy is called __________
hydrocephalus ex vacuo
49
A low CSF glucose is expected in (viral/ bacterial) meningitis
bacterial, except mumps, HSV and lymphocytic choriomeningitis
50
Viral meningitis usually has a predominance of (neutrophiles/ lymphocytes)
neutrophiles in the first 24hrs
| lymphocytes in 2-3 days
51
normal pressure hydrocephalus (does/ does not) improve when CSF is removed
does
52
1. Wide gait
2. Urinary incontinence
3. Dementia
Dx:
normal pressure hydrocephalus
| pejorative: 'wet wobbly wacky'
53
A fetus with anencephaly will have (polyhydramnios/oligohydramnios)
polyhydramnios
54
Caudal extension of the medulla and cerebral vermis through the foramen magnum is called
(arnold-chiari malformation/ dandy walker malformation/ syringomyelia/ phakomatoses)
arnold-chiari
55
Partial or complete absence of the cerebral vermis is called
| (arnold-chiari malformation/ dandy walker malformation/ syringomyelia/ phakomatoses)
dandy-walker malformation
56
degenerative spinal cord disease with cystic enlargement of the cervical cord
(arnold-chiari malformation/ dandy walker malformation/ syringomyelia/ phakomatoses)
syringomyelia
57
disruption of the spinothalamic tracts results in loss of pain and temperature sensation in the hands
(arnold-chiari malformation/ dandy walker malformation/ syringomyelia/ phakomatoses)
syringomyelia
58
Causes non-communicating hydrocephalus
| arnold-chiari malformation/ dandy walker malformation/ syringomyelia/ phakomatoses
arnold-chiari, dandy-walker and rare with syringomyelia
59
malformations or tumors in the CNS
| (arnold-chiari malformation/ dandy walker malformation/ syringomyelia/ phakomatoses)
phakomatoses
60
What are the 3 types of Phakomatoses?
1. Neurofibromatosis, NF1 and NF2
2. Tuberous sclerosis
3. Sturge-Weber syndrome
61
NF1 mutation is on chromosome (17/22) codes for (neurofibromin/merlin)
17, neurofibromin
62
NF2 mutation is on chromosome (17/22)
22, merlin
| two for 2
63
Associated with Cafe au lait macules, lisch nodules and axillary + inguinal freckling
(NF1/NF2/ tuberous sclerosis/ Sturge-Weber)
NF1
64
Associated with Bilateral acoustic neuromas, meningiomans and spinal schwannomas
(NF1/NF2/ tuberous sclerosis/ Sturge-Weber)
NF2
65
Rhabdomyoma of the of the heart is highly predictive of this condition
(NF1/NF2/ tuberous sclerosis/ Sturge-Weber)
tuberous sclerosis
66
associated with mental retardation and seizures begining in infancy
(NF1/NF2/ tuberous sclerosis/ Sturge-Weber)
tuberous sclerosis
67
vascular malformations on the face with a trigeminal nerve distribution
(NF1/NF2/ tuberous sclerosis/ Sturge-Weber)
Sturge-Weber
68
Coup injuries are at the (site/opposite) of the injury
| Contrecoup are at the (site/opposite) of the injury
```
Coup = site
Contracoup = opposite
```
69
shagreen patches and periunginal fibromas are associated with
(NF1/NF2/ tuberous sclerosis/ Sturge-Weber)
tuberous sclerosis
70
The three major types of cerebrovascular disease are:
1. thrombosis
2. infarction
3. hemorrhage
71
What are the 4 types of strokes?
1. Ischemic (atherosclerotic or embolic)
2. Intracerebral hemorrhage
3. Subarachnoid hemorrhage
4. Lacunar stroke
72
Yellow colored CSF due to bilirubin breakdown especially post berry aneurysm rupture is called __________
xanthochromia
73
In a lacunar stroke, if the posterior limb of the internal capsule is involved, it will be a pure (motor/sensory) stroke
motor
74
In a lacunar stroke, if the thalamus is involved it will be a pure (motor/sensory) stroke
sensory
75
Hyperreflexia indicates (upper/lower) motor neuron Dz
upper
76
Adult brain tumors occur (above/below) the tentorium cerebelli
70% above
77
Child brain tumors occur (above/below) the tentorium cerebelli
70% below
78
drains CSF from lateral to 3rd ventricle (foramen of monroe/ cerebral aquaduct)
foramen of monroe
79
Arnold-Chiari type (I/II) obstruction of flow
II
80
Arnold-Chiari type (I/II) no symptoms
I
81
upper extremity loss of pain and temp sensation, preservation of fine touch and position sense
(arnold-chiari malformation/ dandy walker malformation/ syringomyelia/ phakomatoses)
syringomyelia
82
pain and temperature sensation cross in the spinal cord at the ______ _____ ______
anterior white commissure
83
Syringomyelia knocks out the (ant. white commissure/ dorsal column)
anterior white commissure
84
Poliomyelitis results in motor impairment due to damage to the _______ _______
anterior horn
85
In ALS, you have (upper/lower) motor neuron sign
Both! upper and lower
86
No loss of pain or temperature sensation (Syringomyelia/ ALS)
ALS
87
In familial ALS, there is a deficiency in the enzyme ____ ____ ____ ___ leading more more free radical damage
zinc-copper superoxide dismutase
88
Trinucleotide repeat GAA is _____ _____
Friedreich ataxia
89
the frataxin gene of Friedreich ataxia normally controls ____
mitochondrial iron, loss leads to oxidative damage of neurons
90
the leptomeninges is composed of the _______ and _______
arachnoid and pia
91
The most common cause of bacterial meningitis in neonates is ______
GBS, from delivery
92
The most common cause of bacterial meningitis in teenagers is ________
N. meningitis
93
The most common cause of bacterial meningitis in elderly adults is ______
Streptococcus pneumoniae
94
The most common cause of viral meningitis is ________
coxsackievirus
95
the best place to do a lumbar puncture is at spinal level __ to __
L4-L5, won't hit cord this low
96
meningitis, LP shows neutorphiles, low glucose (bacterial/ viral/ fungal)
bacterial
97
meningitis, LP shows lymphocytes, normal CSF glucose (bacterial/ viral/ fungal)
viral
98
meningitis, LP shows lymphocytes, low CSF glucose (bacterial/ viral/ fungal)
fungal
99
cortical laminar necrosis with moderate GCI affects cortex layer (1/2/3/4/5/6)
3, 5 + 6
100
regional brain ischemia w/ focal neurologic deficits lasting less than 24 hrs is a ______
TIA, transient ischemic attack
101
Strokes: Rupture of althlosclerotitc plaque, pale infarction (thrombotic/ embolic/ lacunar)
thrombotic
102
Strokes: thrombus dislodged, hemorrhage infarct (thrombotic/ embolic/ lacunar)
embolic
103
Stroke: due to hyaline arteriolosclerosis in small vessels (thrombotic/ embolic/ lacunar)
lacunar
104
Stroke: often involves lenticulostriate vessels (thrombotic/ embolic/ lacunar)
lacunar
105
Astrocytes hypertrophy and line a cystic space in the brain after necrosis is called ______
gliosis
106
Bleeding in to the brain parenchyma is called _______
intracerebral hemorrhage
107
Charcot–Bouchard aneurysms are most common in the ________ vessels
small, lenticulostriate
108
sudden, severe headache, LP shows xanthochromia w/ nuchal rigidity
Dx:?
subarachnoid hemorrhage
109
most common at lenticulostriate vessels (Charcot–Bouchard aneurysms/ berry aneurysm)
Charcot–Bouchard aneurysms
110
most common at anterior circle of Willis (Charcot–Bouchard aneurysms/ Berry aneurysm)
Berry aneurysm
111
berry aneurysm lack a (intima/ media/ adventitia)
media
112
collection of blood between the dura and the skull is called a _______ hematoma
epidural
113
tearing of a bridging vein can lead to a _______ hematoma
subdural
114
Myelination in the CNS is done by ______
oligodendrocytes
115
Myelination in the PNS is done by ______
Schwann's cells
116
Inherited mutations in enzymes needed for production + maintenance of myelin are called ________
leukodystrophies
117
Leukodystrophy, mutation in arylsulfatase, myelin cannot be degraded and accumulates in lysosomes
Metachromatic leukodystrophy
118
Deficiency in galactocerebroside beta-galactosidase
Krabbe disease
119
Autoimmune destruction of CNS myelin and oligodendrocytes is called _______ _______
multiple sclerosis
120
If the medial longitudinal fasciculus, MLF, is impacted by MS, you will have the symptom of _______ _______
internuclear ophthalmoplegia
121
LP shows increased lymphocytes with oligoclonal IgG bands and myelin basic protein
Dx?
Multiple Sclerosis, autoimmune
| myelin basic protein released
122
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is due to infection with _______ virus
measles
123
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is due to infection with _______ virus
JC
124
The alzheimers amyloid precursor protein, APP is carried on chromosome ____
21
125
In alzheimers, neuritic plaques are extracellular accumulation of ___ _______
Aβ amyloid
126
Helps stabilize microtubles as part of the cytoskeleton of nerve cells, ______ protein
tau
127
neurofibrilory tangles, NFT, that makes nerve cells flame shaped are made up of ________ _______
hyperphosphylated tau protein
128
Pick's disease causes more damage to the (frontal/ temporal/ parietal/ occipital) lobes
frontal and temporal
129
the Lewy bodies of parkinsons and Lewy body dementia are composed of _____
alpha-synuclein
130
huntington's disease is a loss of _____ergic neurons in the caudate nucleus
GABAergic
131
hydrocephauls ex vacuo with loss of the caudate nucleus occurs in ________ disease
huntingtons
132
Huntingtons is a trinucleotide repeat of ____
CAG
133
neurological symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus are due to damage to what cerebral structure?
corona radiata
| -> wet, wobbly, wacky
134
Familial fatal insomnia is caused by a ______
prion
135
A malignant tumor of astrocytes in adults is called a _____ ______
glioblastoma multiforma
136
A glioblastoma multiforma often crosses the ______ _____
corpus callosum
137
psudo-palisading around the tumor is characteristic of _______ ______
glioblastoma multiforma
138
tumor at Cerebellar pontine angle, CPA with ringing in ears, CN8, S100+
Dx:
Schwannoma, benign
139
the most common CNS tumors are of astrocytes, in kids they are ______ and in adults they are ______
kids: pilocytic astrocytoma
adults: glioblastoma
140
CNS tumor in children: small round blue cells that wrap around neuritic processes
Dx?
Meduloblastoma
141
CNS tumor in children, arises from epithelial remnants of Rathke's pouch during embryology
craniopharyngioma
142
Subacute sclerosing panecephalitis is due to infection with ______
measles virus
143
Progressive multifocal leukencephalopathy is due to infection with _____
JC virus
