Pathology

Question 1

Primary Atelectasis?

Answer 1

Inadequate surfactant production in infants

Question 2

Most common cause of obstructive atelectasis in children?

Answer 2

Mucous plugging = #1
OTHER
- Foreign Body
- Tumor

Question 3

Resorptive atelectasis causes (3)?

Answer 3

Pneumonia
Neuro-muscular weakness
General Anesthesia

Question 4

Compression atelectasis causes?

Answer 4

PTX
Tumor
Cysts

Question 5

Contraction atelectasis cause?

Answer 5

Pleural Fibrosis

Question 6

How do you prevent resorptive atelectasis after general anesthesia?

Answer 6

Deep Ventilation exercises

Question 7

Cause of centriacinar Emphysema?

Answer 7

SMOKING

Question 8

Cause of panacinar Emphysema?

Answer 8

A1aT deficiency (rare)

Question 9

Most important factor in Emphysema management?

Answer 9

Smoking Cessation

Question 10

Cough and foul-smelling sputum, possibly with massive hemoptysis that can progress to Cor Pulmonale and Amyloidosis?

Answer 10

Bronchiectasis

Question 11

Causes of bronchiectasis?

Answer 11

Cystic Fibrosis = 1
Tumor
Foreign body
Allergic aspergillus

Question 12

Asthma mucous plugs called?

Eosinophil crystals called?

Answer 12

Curshman Spirals

Charcot-Leyden Crystals

Question 13

IL4 does what in asthma?

Answer 13

Induces plasma cell switching to IgE

Question 14

IL-5 does what in asthma?

Answer 14

Induces Eosinophil production

Question 15

IL-10 does what in asthma?

Answer 15

Induces TH2 cell and inhibits TH1 cells

Question 16

Early phase vs. late phase asthma?

Answer 16

Early = Mast cell degranulation --> LKTs
Late = MBP from eosinophils

Question 17

Fungal Pneumonias by region?

Answer 17

Histoplasma = Mississippi River Valley
Blastomycosis = Great Lakes
Coccidiomycosis = Deserts

Question 18

Most common cause of lobar pneumonia?

Answer 18

S pneumo

Question 19

Cause of bronchopneumona?

Answer 19

Many different organisms

Question 20

Interstital Pneumona Causes?

Answer 20

Atypical Organisms

• Viral
• M pneumo

Question 21

Who gets aspiration pneumona?

Answer 21

Alcoholics

Question 22

Causes of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema?

Answer 22

Sepsis
Shock
Trauma
Drug
Hypersensitivity

Question 23

Treatment for non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema?

Answer 23

Mechanical ventilation

Question 24

Most common cause of diagnosed interstital lung disease?

2nd most diagnosed?

Answer 24

1 = Idiopathic
2 = inhaled exposure

Question 25

Drugs associated with interstital lung disease?

Answer 25

``` Amiodarone Bleomycin Cyclophosphamide Methotrexate Nitrosurea Nitrofurantoin ```

Question 26

African American Female age 20 with non-caseating granuloma, hilar lymph nodes, asteroid bodies, hyperkalemia, elevated ACE and interstital lung disease?

Answer 26

Sarcoidosis

Question 27

Honeycomb lungs due to TGFb mediated damage? | Possibly related to abnormal healing response to pneumonia

Answer 27

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Question 28

Treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 28

Lung transplant

Question 29

Subacute female non-smoker with pulmonary interstitial infiltrates WITHOUT honeycomb pattern?

Answer 29

Non-specific Interstitial Pneumonitis

Question 30

Flu-like interstitial disease due to granular plugs blocking alveoli?

Answer 30

Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia

Question 31

Treatment for Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia?

Answer 31

Steroids

Question 32

Alveolar proteinosis is what?

Answer 32

A poorly understood cause of interstital lung disease due to the inability of macrophages to clear up surfactant

Question 33

Lymphangioleimyomatosis is what? Who gets it?

Answer 33

A poorly understood cause of interstital lung disease that WOMEN get.

Question 34

Inhalation of what causes multiple small fibrotic nodules?

Answer 34

Silica

Question 35

Progression of asbestos inhalation?

Answer 35

Direct toxic effect to parenchyma and pleura Asbestos bodies form in lower lungs Mesothelioma = malignant neoplasm that encases the lungs

Question 36

How do you diagnose asbestosis?

Answer 36

Lung Biopsy

Question 37

Outcomes of coal worker pneumoconiosis (Black Lung)?

Answer 37

90% = benign | 10% massive fibrosis

Question 38

Which inhalation increases TB risk? | Which doesn't?

Answer 38

Silicosis DOES | Pneumoconiosis DOESNT

Question 39

Primary cause of pulmonary HTN? Who gets it?

Answer 39

Young Women | BMPR2 mutation --> SM proliferation

Question 40

Secondary cause of pulmonary HTN?

Answer 40

HYPOXIA

Question 41

Most common causes of Hemoptysis?

Answer 41

``` Bronchogenic Carcinoma Bronchiectasis TB Bronchitis Bacterial Pneumonia ```

Question 42

Rare causes of hemoptysis?

Answer 42

Goodpastures Anti-Neutrophil Ab vaculitises SLE Idiopathic pulm hemorrhage

Question 43

Single central lung nodule along with SIADH, and diarrhea (Carcinoid syndrome)?

Answer 43

Small Cell Carcinoma

Question 44

Single central lung nodule with Hypercalcemia and paraneoplastic syndrome?

Answer 44

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Question 45

Non-smoker with peripheral single nodule?

Answer 45

Adenocarcinoma

Question 46

TX for adenocarcinoma?

Answer 46

EGFR inhibitors

Question 47

Prognosis for Small CC? | Carcinoid tumors?

Answer 47

``` Small = Undifferentiated and very aggressive Carcinoid = Good Prognosis ```

Question 48

Lung cancers that present peripherally? (3)

Answer 48

Adenocarcinoma Large Cell Carcinoma Carcinoid Tumors

Question 49

Cause of Transudate?

Answer 49

Increased Hp or Decreased Op | CHF or Nephrotic Syndrome

Question 50

Cause of Exudate?

Answer 50

Bacterial Pneumonia = #1 | Malignant effusion

Question 51

Causes of chylothorax?

Answer 51

Trauma | Malignancy

Question 52

Causes of hemothorax?

Answer 52

Trauma Aorta rupture Malignancy

Question 53

1 of the following indicates what? - pleural protein >2.9 - pleural cholesterol >45 - pleural LDH > 0.45

Answer 53

Exudate!

Question 54

Treatment for pleural effusion?

Answer 54

Thoracocentesis