Pathology Flashcards by Marjan Sabzwari

What is the difference between a cyst and a abscess

Abscess is a inflammatory lesion with no epithelial layer
Cyst is a developmental lesion with an epithelium and could change to abscess

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What is cellulitis

Full thickness inflammatory reaction in the tissue
Acute inflammation
Usually suppurative

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What is a macule

Small
Well circumscribed
Flat skin lesion
<5 mm diameter

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What is a Papule

Small well circumscribed <1
Elevated skin lesion
Same as a nodule

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What is a plaque

Flat well circumscribed skin lesion
Larger then macula
More then 5mm in diameter

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What is a vesicule

Well circumscribed small skin lesion
Elecvated
Filled with liquid
<5 mm

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What is a bulla

Well circumscribed elevated skin lesion
Filled with liquid
>5 mm

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What is a pustule

Small
Well circumscribed
Elected
Filled with pus
<5 mm

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What is a Erosion

Incomplete basal layer
Partial Superficial epithelial loss

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What is a n ulcer

Complete loss of the epithelium
Contain a basal layer

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Hyperkeratosis

Thickening/hyperplasia of the stratum corneum
Seen in eczema and psoariasis

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Parakeratosis

Nucleated cells in the keratin/ st. Corneum layer

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Acanthosis

Widening thickining of the stratum spinosum layer
Epidermal hyperplasia

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Spongiosis

Intercullar edema of the epidermis

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Acantholisis

Seperation of cells in the stratum spinosum
Causes inthraeoithelial dissociation

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Dysplasia and anaplasia

Irregular atypical proliferative changes in the Epi
In response to chronic irritation or inflammation
Anaplsia= highly differentiated cells turning into less differently cells

What are some primary skin lestions

Macule
Patch
Papillary
Nodule
Plaque
Vesicle
Bulla
Pustule

What are some common secondary skin lesions

Scale = thickened st. Corneum
Crust= dried exudates
Fissure = linear crack
Ulcer = loss of epidermis
Erosion= complete loss of epidermis
Necrosis
Skin atrophy
Scar

What are some pigmented lesion of skin

Vitiligo=lack of pigment
Freckle and melasma= pigement increase not tumor
Lentigo and Nevis(moles)= melanocyte increase benign
Dysplastic Nevis = pre malignant melanocyte increase
Malignant melanoma= malignant melonocyte increase

Most common type of nevi

Acquired melanocytic nevi= flat macules or elevated pustules with well defined rounded borders
Accumulation of p16/INKA4a
Potential inhibitor of several, cyclin dependent kinases
This protected response is disrupted in melanoma
Can be confused with notably melanoma

What are the direct precursors of melanoma

Dysplastic nevi

What is Dysplastic Nevis syndrome

An autosomal dominant disorder
May develop melanoma but not always
Activating mutations= NRAS AND BRAF GENES
Important clues is loss of function mutation in CDKN2A
Dark region surrounded with lighter area
Large size
Produce lentiginous hyperplasia

What is the most deadliest skin cancer

Melanoma

What is melanoma

Acquired mutation caused by exposure to UV radiation in sunlight
More risk for fair skinned people and hereditary predisposition
Activating mutations in BRAF ARE 40%-50% seen in melanomas
RAS occur in 15%-20% tumors
Cell cycle progression
Telomerase expression

What is the most important risk factor for melanoma

Severe sunburns early in life

The most frequent driver mutations in melanoma

1- cell cycle control= CDKN2A gene is muted in 4”% familial melanoma p15- p16 and ARF 2- pro- growth pathways= increases IN RAS AND PI3K AKR SIGNALING AND BRAF 3- telomerase= TERT MOST COMMINLY MUTATED GENE

What makes the stages of melanoma

RADIAL VERTICAL important for thickness

What are the benign epithelial tumors

Seborrheic keratosis Acanthosis nigricans Firbroepithelial polyp Epithelial or follicular inclusion custom

What is SEBORRHEIC KERATOSIS

Thick hyperplastic epidermis above the surrounding level Keratin cysts exophyti receptor-3 FGFR3

What is ACSNTHOSIS NIGRICANS

Important cutenous sign of several benign and malignant conditions Thickened hyoerpigmetned skin with velvet like texture in exural areas

What are some epidermal tumors

Actinic keratosis SCC BASAL CELL CARCinoma

What is actinic keratosis

PREMALIGNST LESION SOLAR KERATOSIS SUN DAMAGED SKIN GIVE RISE To SC OF THE UTERINE CEVIX Red tan irregular scaly plaques Hyperkeratosis Dysplasia Solar elastosis

Most important cause of SCC IS

DNA DAMAGE INDUCED BY EXPOSURE TO UV LIGHT DEGREE OF LIFETIME SUN EXPORSURE

WHAT IS Xeroderma pigmentosum

XP is caused by inherited mutation in genes in the nucleotide excision repair pathways

Basal cell carcinoma

Locally aggressive cutaneous tumor mutation that activate the hedgehog signaling pathway Most common invasive cancer in humans Never metastasizes Xeroderma pigmentosum Pearly Papule with telangectasia

Tumors of the dermis

1- dermatofibroma 2- dermatofibrosarcoma protuberant DFP

Dermatofibrosarcoma

Locally aggressive Can recur Rarely metastasize Hall mark= COL1A1 and PDGFB

Cellular immigrants

Mycosis fungoides( T- cell cutaneous lymphoma Mastectocytosis mast cell tumors