Pathology

Question 1

What is the difference between a cyst and a abscess

Answer 1

Abscess is a inflammatory lesion with no epithelial layer
Cyst is a developmental lesion with an epithelium and could change to abscess

Question 2

What is cellulitis

Answer 2

Full thickness inflammatory reaction in the tissue
Acute inflammation
Usually suppurative

Question 3

What is a macule

Answer 3

Small
Well circumscribed
Flat skin lesion
<5 mm diameter

Question 4

What is a Papule

Answer 4

Small well circumscribed <1
Elevated skin lesion
Same as a nodule

Question 5

What is a plaque

Answer 5

Flat well circumscribed skin lesion
Larger then macula
More then 5mm in diameter

Question 6

What is a vesicule

Answer 6

Well circumscribed small skin lesion
Elecvated
Filled with liquid
<5 mm

Question 7

What is a bulla

Answer 7

Well circumscribed elevated skin lesion
Filled with liquid
>5 mm

Question 8

What is a pustule

Answer 8

Small
Well circumscribed
Elected
Filled with pus
<5 mm

Question 9

What is a Erosion

Answer 9

Incomplete basal layer
Partial Superficial epithelial loss

Question 10

What is a n ulcer

Answer 10

Complete loss of the epithelium
Contain a basal layer

Question 11

Hyperkeratosis

Answer 11

Thickening/hyperplasia of the stratum corneum
Seen in eczema and psoariasis

Question 12

Parakeratosis

Answer 12

Nucleated cells in the keratin/ st. Corneum layer

Question 13

Acanthosis

Answer 13

Widening thickining of the stratum spinosum layer
Epidermal hyperplasia

Question 14

Spongiosis

Answer 14

Intercullar edema of the epidermis

Question 15

Acantholisis

Answer 15

Seperation of cells in the stratum spinosum
Causes inthraeoithelial dissociation

Question 16

Dysplasia and anaplasia

Answer 16

Irregular atypical proliferative changes in the Epi
In response to chronic irritation or inflammation
Anaplsia= highly differentiated cells turning into less differently cells

Question 17

What are some primary skin lestions

Answer 17

Macule
Patch
Papillary
Nodule
Plaque
Vesicle
Bulla
Pustule

Question 18

What are some common secondary skin lesions

Answer 18

Scale = thickened st. Corneum
Crust= dried exudates
Fissure = linear crack
Ulcer = loss of epidermis
Erosion= complete loss of epidermis
Necrosis
Skin atrophy
Scar

Question 19

What are some pigmented lesion of skin

Answer 19

Vitiligo=lack of pigment
Freckle and melasma= pigement increase not tumor
Lentigo and Nevis(moles)= melanocyte increase benign
Dysplastic Nevis = pre malignant melanocyte increase
Malignant melanoma= malignant melonocyte increase

Question 20

Most common type of nevi

Answer 20

Acquired melanocytic nevi= flat macules or elevated pustules with well defined rounded borders
Accumulation of p16/INKA4a
Potential inhibitor of several, cyclin dependent kinases
This protected response is disrupted in melanoma
Can be confused with notably melanoma

Question 21

What are the direct precursors of melanoma

Answer 21

Dysplastic nevi

Question 22

What is Dysplastic Nevis syndrome

Answer 22

An autosomal dominant disorder
May develop melanoma but not always
Activating mutations= NRAS AND BRAF GENES
Important clues is loss of function mutation in CDKN2A
Dark region surrounded with lighter area
Large size
Produce lentiginous hyperplasia

Question 23

What is the most deadliest skin cancer

Answer 23

Melanoma

Question 24

What is melanoma

Answer 24

Acquired mutation caused by exposure to UV radiation in sunlight
More risk for fair skinned people and hereditary predisposition
Activating mutations in BRAF ARE 40%-50% seen in melanomas
RAS occur in 15%-20% tumors
Cell cycle progression
Telomerase expression

Question 25

What is the most important risk factor for melanoma

Answer 25

Severe sunburns early in life

Question 26

The most frequent driver mutations in melanoma

Answer 26

1- cell cycle control= CDKN2A gene is muted in 4”% familial melanoma p15- p16 and ARF
2- pro- growth pathways= increases IN RAS AND PI3K AKR SIGNALING AND BRAF
3- telomerase= TERT MOST COMMINLY MUTATED GENE

Question 27

What makes the stages of melanoma

Answer 27

RADIAL
VERTICAL important for thickness

Question 28

What are the benign epithelial tumors

Answer 28

Seborrheic keratosis
Acanthosis nigricans
Firbroepithelial polyp
Epithelial or follicular inclusion custom

Question 29

What is SEBORRHEIC KERATOSIS

Answer 29

Thick hyperplastic epidermis above the surrounding level
Keratin cysts exophyti
receptor-3 FGFR3

Question 30

What is ACSNTHOSIS NIGRICANS

Answer 30

Important cutenous sign of several benign and malignant conditions
Thickened hyoerpigmetned skin with velvet like texture in exural areas

Question 31

What are some epidermal tumors

Answer 31

Actinic keratosis
SCC
BASAL CELL CARCinoma

Question 32

What is actinic keratosis

Answer 32

PREMALIGNST LESION
SOLAR KERATOSIS
SUN DAMAGED SKIN
GIVE RISE To SC OF THE UTERINE CEVIX
Red tan irregular scaly plaques
Hyperkeratosis
Dysplasia
Solar elastosis

Question 33

Most important cause of SCC IS

Answer 33

DNA DAMAGE INDUCED BY EXPOSURE TO UV LIGHT
DEGREE OF LIFETIME SUN EXPORSURE

Question 34

WHAT IS Xeroderma pigmentosum

Answer 34

XP is caused by inherited mutation in genes in the nucleotide excision repair pathways

Question 35

Basal cell carcinoma

Answer 35

Locally aggressive cutaneous tumor mutation that activate the hedgehog signaling pathway
Most common invasive cancer in humans
Never metastasizes
Xeroderma pigmentosum
Pearly Papule with telangectasia

Question 36

Tumors of the dermis

Answer 36

1- dermatofibroma
2- dermatofibrosarcoma protuberant DFP

Question 37

Dermatofibrosarcoma

Answer 37

Locally aggressive
Can recur
Rarely metastasize
Hall mark= COL1A1 and PDGFB

Question 38

Cellular immigrants

Answer 38

Mycosis fungoides( T- cell cutaneous lymphoma
Mastectocytosis mast cell tumors