Pathology Flashcards
10 steps on approaching disease
- Disease epidemiology and history
- Disease etiology
- Disease pathogenesis
- Pathogenetic alterations
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical manifestations + lab data
- Diagnosis (+ differential diagnoses)
- Therapies, procedures and complications
- Predictive and prognostic factors
- Therapy
What anatomic pathology comprises
= diagnostic pathology
- Autopsy pathology
- Surgical pathology
- Cytopathology
- Specialty labs, ancillary techniques
Steps of tissue preparation and are they automated?
- Fixation (10% formalin water) - aqueous (NA)
- Dehydration with alcohol (A)
- Clearing with xylene (increasing translucency) - organic (A)
- Infiltration by paraffin wax - organic (A)
- Embedding (NA)
- Cut on microtome for LM (NA)
- Staining with H&E (A)
- Coverslipping (A)
- Distribution
Prussian blue stain characteristics
Stains for ferric iron (blue)
Useful for diagnosing hemochromatosis (deficiency in iron absorption)
Masson trichrome characteristics
IDs CT, muscle and collagen
3 colours:
Collagen = blue
Muscle = red
Cytoplasm = light red or pink
Nuclei = dark blue
Ziehl-Neelsen stain
aka acid-fast stain
ID tuberculosis
Stains the lipid coat
Grogott stain
Stains fungal organisms
(Silver stains carbohydrate capsule)
Eg. Aspergillus infection
EM main uses
Renal glomerular diseases and virology
Diff between IF and IMHC
Immunofluorescence uses the same principle as IMHC but with tissues sensitive to loss by paraffin embedding, so it is done on frozen sections and the Abs are stained.
Cytopathology definition
Branch of anatomic pathology looking at whole cells rather than tissues.
5 types of necrosis
- Coagulative necrosis
- Liquefactive necrosis
- Caseous necrosis
- Fat necrosis
- Fibrinous necrosis
Hypertrophy =
increase in cell size thru increased protein synthesis, induction of structural genes and re-expression of developmental genes
Hyperplasia =
increase in cell number thru GF/GH signalling pathway activation, activation of cell cycle regulators and new productions from stem cells
Atrophy mechanisms
lysosomal enzyme pathway, Ub-proteasome pathway, autophagic vacuoles
3 examples of intracellular accumulations?
lipofuscin, iron, melanin
5 cardinal signs of inflammation
heat, pain, swelling, redness, loss of function
Leukocyte migration process
- Margination
- Rolling
- Adhesion
- Transmigration
What are the three arachidonic acid metabolites?
2 pro-inflammatory: prostaglandines and leukotrienes
1 anti-inflammatory: lipoxins
granulomatous inflammation cells
macrophages clustered up looking like epithelia, and surrounded by lymphocytes and plasma cells
4 systemic effects of chronic inflammation
fever
leukocytosis
production of acute phase proteins (CRP)
septic shock (in severe situations)
5 factors that can impair wound healing
- Infection
- Protein deficiency
- Treatments such as glucocorticoids, which act as anti-TNF alpha
- Poor perfusion
- Increased production of keloids by the ecm (abnormal wound healing characteristic)
Balances in tissue remodeling
Pro: TGF-beta; tissue inhibitors of MMPs
Anti: MMPs
Squamous cell benign neoplasm
Squamous papilloma
Urothelium benign neoplasm
Urothelial papilloma
