Pathology

Question 1

What is the first step in sexual differentiation of an embryo?

Answer 1

(Gonadal differentiation)

Question 2

What is the differentiation of the tubular tract, which is the second step in sexual differentiation, dependent on?

Answer 2

(Gonadal hormones)

Question 3

What develops, testes or ovaries, if there is no H-y antigen present in a developing embryo?

Answer 3

(Ovaries; testes would develop if there was H-y antigen present)

Question 4

(T/F) For a female cow to develop freemartins, they need to have a twin brother.

Answer 4

(T)

Question 5

(T/F) Freemartins results from the exchange of cells and hormones between both female and female/male twins in utero.

Answer 5

(F, only female/male twins)

Question 6

What is the least expensive and very reliable test for freemartins?

Answer 6

(Inserting a tube/catheter into the vagina to see how deep it is; freemartin cattle typically have a short, small or nonexistent vagina)

Question 7

(T/F) Spherical uterine tube cysts are embryonic in origin and do not impair fertility.

Answer 7

(T)

Question 8

What are tubular cysts, which result in blockage of the uterine tube and infertility, secondary to?

Answer 8

(Inflammation of the uterine tube typically d/t infection)

Question 9

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia results from the influence of what hormone in most species?

Answer 9

(Estrogen)

Question 10

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia results from the influence of what hormone in a bitch?

Answer 10

(Progesterone; prolonged progestational influence in an unbred bitch to be specific)

Question 11

What occurs to the uterine wall after prolonged endometrial hyperplasia?

Answer 11

(The uterine wall begins to become thin and atrophic; animal will be infertile at this stage even after fixing the issue)

Question 12

In most species cystic hyperplasia results in a mucometra or hydrometra, what does it progress to in a bitch?

Answer 12

(Pyometra)

Question 13

In what species is an ascending infection (so past the UTJ and into the salpinx) a concern when there is uterine inflammation secondary to uterine infection?

Answer 13

(Cattle)

Question 14

What is the term for inflammation of the endometrium and muscle of the uterine wall together?

Answer 14

(Metritis)

Question 15

Most frequently, metritis is a pre/peri/post (choose one) partum/abortion disease in cows.

Answer 15

(Postpartum/post-abortion; can be seen post mating as well when certain bacteria are present)

Question 16

What type of uterine inflammation occurs in tuberculosis infections?

Answer 16

(Granulomatous metritis)

Question 17

Of the ovarian stromal cells (granulosa, theca, and luteal) which is more likely to occur singly in a tumor than the others?

Answer 17

(Granulosa cells)

Question 18

What is a highly vascular, temporary structure related to the ovary that is a site of metastasis of neoplasms from many areas of the body?

Answer 18

(Corpus luteum)

Question 19

What are dysgerminomas?

Answer 19

(Neoplasms of germ cells)

Question 20

Where do papillary adenocarcinomas originate from in the female reproductive tract?

Answer 20

(Surface cells of the ovary)

Question 21

What are the benign and malignant neoplasms of the smooth muscle of the uterus?

Answer 21

(Benign - leiomyomas; malignant - leiomyosarcoma)

Question 22

Besides the neoplasms of the smooth muscle of the uterus, what are the two other types of neoplasms of the uterus?

Answer 22

(Carcinomas and lymphosarcomas)

Question 23

What is the pathognomonic presentation of uterine carcinomas?

Answer 23

(Firm, umbilicated (aka dimpled) mass in the uterus)

Question 24

Most tumors of the vagina are mixed smooth muscle and fibrous tissue, what is the term for benign neoplasms of that nature?

Answer 24

(Leiomyofibromas)

Question 25

What is the most common neoplasm of the vulva?

Answer 25

(Squamous cell carcinoma; especially in individuals with unpigmented vulvar skin)

Question 26

Describe the presentation of the transmissible venereal tumor of dogs that usually affects the external genitalia.

Answer 26

(Friable cauliflower like mass)

Question 27

What is ovarian hypoplasia secondary to (hint: related to embryonic development)?

Answer 27

(Inadequate numbers of germ cells arriving at the gonad ridge in the embryo)