Anatomy/Embryology Flashcards
Covers: - Female Carnivore Reproductive Anatomy - Male Carnivore Reproductive Anatomy - Embryology - Pelvic Cavity Vessels and Nerves - Equine Reproductive Anatomy
1
Q
The ovaries are cranial or caudal (choose one) to the kidneys.
A
(Caudal)
2
Q
Which of the ovaries lies further cranial when compared to the other?
A
(Right ovary, just like the right kidney)
3
Q
What is the term for the muscular passage between the uterus and the vagina?
A
(Cervix)
4
Q
Of the internal and external uterine ostia, which is located dorsally?
A
(Internal is dorsal, external is ventral)
5
Q
What structure indicates the transition from the vagina to the vaginal vestibule?
A
(The external urethral opening)
6
Q
What muscle surrounds the vestibular bulb, which is the spherical erectile tissue within the lateral vestibular walls of the vaginal vestibule?
A
(Constrictor vestibuli muscle)
7
Q
What ligaments suspend the uterus?
A
(Broad ligaments)
8
Q
What urinary structures are located in the broad ligaments of the uterus?
A
(Ureters)
9
Q
What is the term for the part of the broad ligament that suspends the ovary?
A
(Mesovarium)
10
Q
Besides suspension of the uterine tube (aka salpinx), what other structure does the mesosalpinx cover? Be specific.
A
(Lateral side of the respective ovary)
11
Q
What does the mesometrium suspend? Two answers.
A
(Uterine horn and uterine body)
12
Q
What is the term for the ligament located on the free border of the broad ligament (that is a remnant of the gubernaculum and ends at the vaginal process)?
A
(Round ligament)
13
Q
(T/F) The broad ligaments fuse with the lateral ligaments of the bladder.
A
(T)
14
Q
What two portions of the broad ligament is the ovarian bursa located between?
A
(Mesovarium and mesosalpinx)
15
Q
Of cats and dogs, which have an incomplete ovarian bursa?
A
(Cats; you can see the ovaries during a cat spay, but not in a dog spay)
16
Q
What structures does the suspensory ligament of the ovary attach the ovary to? Two answers.
A
(Last rib and diaphragm; this is the ligament that is broken down in OHEs to be able to exteriorize the ovary and uterine horns)
17
Q
What is the term for the short ligament located between the caudal pole of the ovary and the tip of the uterine horn?
A
(Proper ligament of the ovary)
18
Q
What structures are connected by the intercornual ligament in female dogs?
A
(The caudal uterine horns)
19
Q
The ovarian artery is a branch of what major vessel?
A
(The aorta)
20
Q
Where does the left ovarian vein drain into? The right?
A
(Left - drains into the left renal vein; right - drains into the caudal vena cava)
21
Q
What two tubercles can inhibit a clinician’s ability to pass a catheter into the female urinary or genital tract of a bitch?
A
(Urinary tubercle and cervical tubercle)
22
Q
What is the term for the blind pocket formed by the entrance of the cervix into the vaginal canal that can hinder the entrance of an AI catheter into the cervical canal?
A
(Vaginal fornix)
23
Q
What is the term for the ligament that attaches the testis to the tail of the epididymis?
A
(Proper ligament of the testis)
24
Q
What two structures does the scrotal ligament connect?
A
(Wall of the scrotum and the vaginal tunic)
25
What is the term for the smooth muscle deep to the skin of the scrotum that contracts the scrotal skin under sympathetic innervation?
(Dartos muscle)
26
What is the deepest layer of the tissues enveloping an individual testis?
(Tunica albuginea)
27
What is the term for the cord of connective tissue in the center of a testis that is formed by septa that originate from the tunica albuginea?
(Mediastinum testis)
28
What is the term for the network of tubules within the mediastinum testis that transfer the spermatozoa from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis?
(Rete testis)
29
What structure separates the body of the epididymis from its respective testis?
(Epididymal sinus or testicular bursa)
30
What structures does the genital fold connect in males?
(Connects the two ductus deferens prior to their entrance into the prostate)
31
What is the term for the peritoneal fold containing the vessels and nerves of its respective testis?
(Mesorchium)
32
What is the difference between an open and closed castration?
(Closed → vaginal cavity is not opened; open → vaginal cavity is opened)
33
(T/F) Cryptorchid testis produce no viable sperm.
(T)
34
Why is surgical correction of a cryptorchid testicle necessary?
(They are prone to neoplasia)
35
What is the term for the structure that the urethral crest terminates at, this structure is also where the two ductus deferens open into the urethra?
(Colliculus seminalis)
36
What portion of the pelvic urethra is encircled by the striated urethralis muscle?
(The post-prostatic part)
37
Males of which small animal species have bulbourethral glands?
(Cats)
38
(T/F) The prostate entirely circles the urethra in male dogs.
(T)
39
What type of penis do male dogs and cats have?
(Musculocavernous → when they get an erection, the penis size increases in all dimensions)
40
What is the term for the enlargement of the corpus spongiosum at the pelvic portion of the urethra?
(The bulb of the penis)
41
What muscle covers the bulb of the penis?
(Bulbospongiosus muscle)
42
There are two crus of the penis that consist of corpus cavernosum penis covered by two structures. What are those two structures?
(Tunica albuginea and ischiocavernosus muscle)
43
What is the term for the enlargement of the corpus spongiosum at the distal end of the urethra?
(Bulb of the glans aka bulbus glandis)
44
What is the corpus cavernosum penis replaced by within the glans penis in a dog?
(The os penis)
45
Where does the retractor penis muscle originate?
(First and second caudal vertebrae)
46
The paired arteries of the penis branch from what major paired vessel?
(Internal pudendal arteries of their respective sides)
47
What are the three major branches of the artery of the penis?
(Artery of the bulb, deep artery of the penis, and dorsal artery of the penis)
48
Listed below are the three major branches of the arteries of the penis, pair them with their supplied structures.
- Artery of the bulb
- Deep artery of the penis
- Dorsal artery of the penis
A. Corpus cavernosum and os penis
B. Pars longa glandis, os penis, and part of the preputial wall
C. Proximal corpus spongiosum, penile urethra, and corpus spongiosum glandis
Artery of the bulb (C; Proximal corpus spongiosum, penile urethra, and corpus spongiosum glandis)
Deep artery of the penis (A; Corpus cavernosum and os penis )
Dorsal artery of the penis (B; Pars longa glandis, os penis, and part of the preputial wall )
49
What are the two accessory sex glands of the feline male reproductive tract?
(Prostate and bulbourethral glands)
50
Which portion of the mesoderm gives rise to the urogenital system?
(Intermediate mesoderm)
51
The ureteric bud and metanephric blastema have a reciprocal inductive relationship. The ureteric bud induces the metanephric blastema to form adult kidney structures and then the metanephric blastema induces the ureteric bud to form adult kidney structures.
What does the ureteric bud give rise to in an adult kidney?
(The medulla)
52
The ureteric bud and metanephric blastema have a reciprocal inductive relationship. The ureteric bud induces the metanephric blastema to form adult kidney structures and then the metanephric blastema induces the ureteric bud to form adult kidney structures.
What does the metanephric blastema give rise to in an adult kidney?
(The cortex)
53
What does the urorectal septum separate, prior to it splitting the cloaca into the urogenital sinus and rectum in later development?
(The hindgut and the allantois)
54
What does the cranial vesicular part of the developing urogenital sinus form in a developed animal?
(Urinary bladder)
55
What part of the urogenital sinus gives rise to the pelvic urethra in males and the entire urethra in females?
(Middle pelvic part)
56
The regression of the allantois leaves what structure that connects the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus?
(The urachus, eventually becomes the median ligament of the bladder)
57
What portion of the bladder is derived from mesoderm, while the rest is derived from endoderm?
(The trigone is mesodermal; endodermal lining grows over the trigone in development, giving the bladder an lining of entirely endodermal tissue)
58
What is the default sex that results from an indifferent gonad when none of the determining factors are present?
(Female)
59
What are the three factors that need to be present to form an indifferent gonad into a male genital system?
(Testis-determining factor, testosterone, and mullerian-inhibiting factor)
60
What do the sertoli cells of the testes secrete that suppress the paramesonephric duct?
(Mullerian inhibiting factor)
61
What do the leydig cells of the testes secrete that stimulate the mesonephric ducts, which eventually develop into the ductus deferens and epididymis?
(Testosterone)
62
Dihydrotestosterone is derived from testosterone released by the leydig cells, what is the purpose of dihydrotestosterone?
(Stimulates the formation of male external genitalia)
63
What portion of the indifferent gonad is formed from the mesenchyme of the gonadal ridge?
(The medulla)
64
What portion of the indifferent gonad is formed from the mesothelial lining of the intraembryonic coelom?
(The cortex)
65
What do the oogonia and spermatogonia of the indifferent gonad develop from in the embryo?
(Develop from the primordial germ cells)
66
The mesonephric ducts degenerate in females due to a lack of what hormone?
(Testosterone)
67
What embryonic ducts degenerate in males but form the main female genital tract in females?
(Paramesonephric ducts)
68
What are the epoophoron and paroophoron remnants of in females?
(Mesonephric tubules)
69
What do the cranial and middle parts of the remaining paramesonephric duct become in females?
(Uterine tube)
70
What does the caudal part of the remaining paramesonephric duct become in females? Three answers.
(Uterus, cervix, and cranial portion of the vagina → the caudal portion of the vagina comes from the urogenital sinus)
71
What structure grows from the paramesonephric ducts and fuses with the vaginal plate (a structure related to the proximal urogenital sinus) to form the cervix and vagina?
(The mullerian tubercle)
72
What structures are formed by the mesonephric duct in males? Two answers.
(Epididymis and ductus deferens)
73
What is the uterus masculinus (seen within the genital fold) a remnant of in males?
(The regressed paramesonephric ducts)
74
What do the urethral/urogenital folds form in a female embryo?
(The labia of the vulva)
75
What does the genital tubercle form in a female embryo?
(The clitoris)
76
What does the urogenital sinus form in a female embryo?
(The vaginal vestibule)
77
Further development of the external genitalia in male embryos is controlled by what hormone?
(Dihydrotestosterone/DHT)
78
What does the genital tubercle form in a male embryo?
(The phallus/penis)
79
What is the term for the last part of the vaginal plate to degenerate that, in development, separates the vaginal lumen from the urogenital sinus?
(The hymen → can persist and cause breeding problems)
80
Why do male pseudohermaphrodites have no uterus or cranial vagina? (
Because they have testes which secrete mullerian inhibitory hormone so the paramesonephric ducts do not develop)
81
What is hypospadia?
(Failure of the urethral folds to fuse in male dogs leading to an opening of the penile urethra on the ventral surface of the penis)
82
What two structures does the inguinal ligament run between?
(The respective tuber coxae and iliopubic eminence)
83
What muscle does the inguinal ligament give origin to?
(The internal abdominal oblique muscle)
84
What two structures form the inguinal ‘canal’?
(The superficial and deep inguinal rings)
85
Which of the following structures pass through the inguinal canal in female dogs?
A. External pudendal artery and nerve
B. Genitofemoral nerve
C. Spermatic cord
D. Efferent lymphatics from the superficial inguinal lnn
E. Cremaster muscle
F. Vaginal process
(A, B, D, F → not in female cats tho)
86
What uterine ligament is enclosed by the vaginal process in female dogs?
(Round ligament)
87
What two paired muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm?
(Levator ani and coccygeus)
88
What nerve provides innervation to the external anal sphincter all in its lonesome?
(The caudal rectal nerve)
89
Between what two muscles are the anal sacs found?
(Internal and external anal sphincter muscles)
90
What paired vessels, that branch directly off of the aorta, provide the main blood supply to the pelvic cavity?
(The internal iliac arteries)
91
What branch does the internal iliac artery give off before continuing as the internal pudendal artery?
(The caudal gluteal artery)
92
What is the male equivalent to the vaginal artery?
(The prostatic artery)
93
What is the female equivalent to the artery of the ductus deferens?
(The uterine artery)
94
What two lymph nodes/lymph node centers drain the testes?
(Lumbar lymph center and medial iliac lymph nodes)
95
What structure is formed by the efferent lumbar trunks of the medial iliac lymph nodes combining together?
(The cisterna chyli)
96
(T/F) The scrotum is drained by the superficial inguinal lymph nodes.
(T, aka the scrotal lnn in males)
97
What paired nerves provide the sympathetic portion of the pelvic plexuses?
(Hypogastric nerves)
98
What nerve provides the parasympathetic portion of the pelvic plexus?
(Pelvic nerve)
99
What nerve provides voluntary control/somatic innervation to the external urinary sphincter?
(Pudendal nerve)
100
What is the term for the fibromuscular mass between the rectum and anus dorsally and the urogenital tract ventrally, that can be torn during foaling in mares?
(The perineal body; the tearing is a perineal laceration)
101
Around 6 months of age, the ovaries of female horses grow at the poles and confine the germinal epithelium to a small central area of the ovary; this growth also forms an indentation in the center of the ovary, what is the term for that indentation?
(Ovulation fossa)
102
Can Graafian follicles or corpus lutea (choose one) be palpated per rectum in mares?
(Graffian follicles, the corpus luteum will be tucked into the ovulation fossa so it cannot be palpated)
103
What is the purpose of the sphincter located at the uterotubal junction in mares?
(Prevents infections of the uterus/uterine horn from entering the oviduct, this is why salpingitis is much more rare in horses than it is in other species)
104
Why does the gravid uterus of a mare lie on the left of the abdominal wall?
(The cecum pushes it to the left)
105
What artery does the cranial uterine artery branch off of?
(The ovarian artery)
106
Horses also had a middle uterine artery, what other artery does it branch off of?
(The external iliac artery)
107
What artery does the caudal uterine artery branch off of?
(The vaginal artery)
108
What is the clinical significance of female horses lacking transverse cervical rings (only longitudinal mucosal folds are present)?
(Their cervix is more easily dilated than in other species so AI is relatively easy in horses)
109
What structure between the vagina and vestibule of a female horse prevents pneumovagina?
(The vestibulo-vaginal ring which is a transverse fold between the two spaces aka the hymen)
110
Is the external urethral orifice cranial or caudal to the vestibulo-vaginal ring?
(Caudal)
111
What are the vestibular bulbs homologous to in the male penis?
(The corpus spongiosum)
112
Besides vulvar muscles, what other muscle is voluntarily contracted by mares in the act of winking?
(The ischiocavernosus mm.)
113
What structure is related to the harboring of Taylorella equigenitalis which is the causative agent of contagious equine metritis (CEM)?
(The clitoral fossa)
114
What surgery can be performed when the anus is pulled cranially (typically due to weakened abdominal muscles) and involves sewing the vulvar cleft shut dorsally but leaving it open ventrally to allow for urination?
(Caslick’s procedure aka vulvoplasty)
115
What are the different terms for the opening of the external versus internal preputial folds in a male horse?
(External - preputial orifice; internal - preputial ring)
116
The mediastinum testis of the horse testis is located in the cranial or caudal (choose one) pole (which is different from other species whose mediastinum testis is central).
(Cranial)
117
What is the term for the opening of the ductus deferens and the seminal vesicles at the seminal colliculus?
(The ejaculatory orifice)
118
What does the suspensory ligament of the penis in males horses attach the dorsal surface of the penis to?
(The pelvic symphysis ventrally)
119
What muscle is the bulbospongiosus muscle a continuation of?
(The urethralis muscle of the pelvic urethra)
120
(T/F) The bulbospongiosus muscle reaches the glans penis in male horses while it does not extend beyond the root of the penis in male dogs.
(T)
121
What is the term for the space that surrounds the urethral process in male horses that forms the diverticulums that are named the urethral sinuses?
(The fossa glandis)
122
What penile artery supplies the corpus cavernosum penis and branches off of the obturator branch of the external iliac artery in horses?
(The middle artery of the penis)
123
What artery gives off the cranial artery of the penis which supplies the rostral part of the penis and prepuce?
(The external pudendal artery)
124
What two structures does the proper ligament of the ovary attach in cows and sows?
(The ovary and the mesometrium)
125
Where does fetal development occur in a cow uterus and how does that compare to a mare?
(Cow - one of the horns; mare - uterine body and one horn)
126
Are the caruncles of the uterus of cows convex or concave?
(Convex; ewes are concave)
127
What structures interdigitating in ewes make them much harder to AI when compared to does or cows?
(Plica circulares)
128
What is the term for the interdigitating firm tubercles that form a spiral shaped canal in sows?
(Pulvini cervicales)
129
(T/F) Sows do not have a vaginal fornix.
(T)
130
What female structures are homologous to the bulbourethral glands, open just caudolateral to the urethral opening, and can become cystic in cows?
(Major vestibular glands)
131
What is the clinical significance of the suburethral diverticulum?
(It makes urinary catheterization more complicated, need to cover it and feed catheter over it to get to the urethra)
132
Where do the bulbourethral glands open into in bulls?
(The urethral recess or bulbourethral pouch, either name works)
133
What is the term for the thin band of connective tissue on the ventrum of the penis that extends from the prepuce to near the tip of the free portion of the penis?
(The preputial or penile frenulum)
134
What hormone is responsible for the rupture of the preputial frenulum at the time of puberty?
(Testosterone)
135
What side of a bull should you be positioned if you want to collect urine?
(The right, the urethral process is on the right)
136
What is the purpose of the dorsal apical ligament of the penis in bulls?
(Facilitates intromission by supporting the dorsal penis and holding the penis straight during an erection)
137
If you wanted to view the erectile protuberance of the glans penis of a ram (don’t know why anyone would want to do this but you do you), which side of the animal would you position yourself?
(The left side; ram only, not present in bucks)
138
What muscle covers the bulbourethral glands?
(Bulboglandularis muscle)
