Breeding Exam/Management

Question 1

What testicular orientation is normal for bulls, rams, and bucks?

Answer 1

(Pendulous/vertical)

Question 2

What testicular orientation is normal for stallions and dogs?

Answer 2

(Craniocaudal/horizontal)

Question 3

What testicular orientation is normal for boars and toms?

Answer 3

(Cranioventral/oblique)

Question 4

(T/F) Scrotal size = sperm output.

Answer 4

(T)

Question 5

Of the species listed below, which do not have all four accessory sex glands (vesicular glands, prostate, BUGs, and ampulla) and which gland are they missing?

Bovine
Ovine
Equine
Caprine
Porcine

Answer 5

(Porcine, missing ampulla)

Question 6

Volume and sperm concentration should only be evaluated when the sperm is collected by which method?

Answer 6

(Artificial vagina)

Question 7

When evaluating sperm, what test should be performed first as it is time (and also temperature) sensitive?

Answer 7

(Sperm motility)

Question 8

Is primary or secondary sperm abnormalities related to spermatogenesis occuring in the testis?

Answer 8

(Primary)

Question 9

Is sperm motility or morphology more critical to determining the overall fertility of a male?

Answer 9

(Morphology)

Question 10

If you are categorizing sperm morphology with the primary versus secondary categories and you found lots of sperm with detached heads, distal droplets, and mild tail defects, where (anatomically) does this indicate the issue is located and is it primary or secondary?

Answer 10

(The epididymis so an insult during maturation and/or storage, this is a secondary abnormality; primary abnormalities come from the testes and will result in head, midpiece and severe tail defects)

Question 11

What is the primary purpose of dairy breeding management?

Answer 11

(Year-round production of milk)

Question 12

The goal of dairy breeding management is to maintain a how many month long calving interval per cow?

Answer 12

(13 months)

Question 13

What is the term for the set amount of time postpartum that an animal is not being bred, that is typically 60-80 days in dairy cows, which allows for the uterus to recover and allows for the cow to achieve a positive energy balance as well as resume cycling?

Answer 13

(Voluntary wait period)

Question 14

What is the primary purpose of beef breeding management?

Answer 14

(Sale of calves at weaning)

Question 15

If you are aiming for spring calving, when should breeding occur for beef cows?

Answer 15

(Breeding should occur May-August)

Question 16

If you are aiming for fall calving, when should breeding occur for beef cows?

Answer 16

(December-January)

Question 17

What is the equation for pregnancy rate?

Answer 17

(PR = HDR x CR; HDR is heat detection rate and CR is conception rate)

Question 18

In relation to estrous control, if you wanted to shorten the luteal phase what hormone would you administer?

Answer 18

(Prostaglandin; lutalyse/dinoprost or estrumate/cloprostenol)

Question 19

In relation to estrous control, if you wanted to lengthen the luteal phase what hormone would you administer?

Answer 19

(Progesterone (progestins))

Question 20

Cows need to be at least how many days into diestrus for the administration of prostaglandins to work?

Answer 20

(5 days)

Question 21

What is the basic purpose of administering GnRH agonists?

Answer 21

(‘Resetting’ the follicular wave → if GnRH agonists are administering after a dominant follicle has been selected, it will trigger ovulation and a new wave always follows ovulation by 1.5-2 days)

Question 22

Is ovsynch or cosynch used for dairy cattle?

Answer 22

(Ovsynch)

Question 23

Give the general timeline for ovsynch, including meds administered and timed AI.

Answer 23

(Day 0 - GnRH; day 7 - PGF; day 9 - GnRH; day 10/11 - timed AI)

Question 24

Give the general timeline for cosynch, including meds administered and timed AI.

Answer 24

(Day 0 - GnRH; day 7 - PGF; day 10/11 - GnRH and timed AI)

Question 25

Does increased melatonin inhibit or stimulate (choose one) the hypothalamus to release GnRH in small ruminants?

Answer 25

(Stimulate)

Question 26

What is a silent ovulation (which is what occurs when using the male effect in small ruminants to try and shorten the transition phase)?

Answer 26

(An ovulation that occurs with no apparent estrous behavior (this occurs because there was no progesterone during anestrus so estrogen receptors are not upregulated in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland))

Question 27

(T/F) Small ruminants must be in season for administration of prostaglandin to work.

Answer 27

(T)

Question 28

What is the purpose of the change in the stratified squamous epithelium of the vagina in response to estrogen?

Answer 28

(Preparation for breeding/trauma)

Question 29

Which of the following is not true about a proestrus vaginal cytology? A. Will see less superficial epithelial cells (corn flakes, large angular cells with small/no nuclei) than you would see during estrus B. There will be RBCs present C. There will be WBCs present that will increase throughout proestrus D. Will see debris in the background

Answer 29

(C - WBCs should decrease in amount as your progress through proestrus to estrus)

Question 30

Is an estrus or diestrus vaginal cytology characterized by parabasalar cells and lots of neutrophils?

Answer 30

(Diestrus; estrus is >90% superficial epithelial cells)

Question 31

What hormones and approximate levels of those hormones (rising/falling/etc.) are necessary for a bitch to produce standing behavior during estrus?

Answer 31

(Estrogen that is beginning to fall and progesterone that is beginning to rise)

Question 32

How many days after ovulation is considered peak fertility in a bitch?

Answer 32

(3-4 days)

Question 33

How many days after the first visualization of serosanguinous fluid from the vulva in a bitch should progesterone testing begin?

Answer 33

(5-7 days)

Question 34

When should a bitch and a dog be tested for canine brucellosis?

Answer 34

(Bitch - every cycle she is bred; dog - every 3-6 months if active or prior to any breeding if not actively used)

Question 35

What tests would you use in an animal with an acute canine brucellosis infection? Two answers.

Answer 35

(PCR or culture; if screening you want an antibody test)

Question 36

What do you expect the uterine and cervical tone to be in a mare that is in diestrus per a rectal palpation?

Answer 36

(Both should be firm d/t progesterone)

Question 37

What do you expect the uterine and cervical tone to be in a mare that is in estrus per a rectal palpation?

Answer 37

(Uterine tone - moderate; cervical - relaxed and soft)

Question 38

If you are artificially inseminating a mare with fresh or cooled semen, when should they be inseminated in relation to ovulation?

Answer 38

(1-2 days prior to ovulation)

Question 39

If you are artificially inseminating a mare with frozen semen, when should they be inseminated in relation to ovulation?

Answer 39

(12 hours prior or 6 hours post)