Pathology Flashcards
State the 2 types of inflammation
- Acute
- Chronic
What is the onset and duration of acute inflammation?
Early onset - seconds to minutes
Short duration - hours to days
Which cells are involved in acute inflammation?
- Neutrophils
- Monocytes
What is the function of acute inflammation?
Initial response of tissue to injury
What are the 3 steps of acute inflammation?
- Vascular component - dilation of vessels
- Exudative component - vascular leakage of protein-rich fluid
- Neutrophil polymorph - cells type recruited to tissue
State the 6 causes of acute inflammation
- Microbial infection - bacteria, viruses, etc
- Hypersensitivity reactions - parasites
- Physical agents - trauma, heat, cold
- Chemicals - corrosive, acid
- Bacterial toxins
- Tissue necrosis - ischemic infarction
What is the vascular component of acute inflammation?
Dilation of vessels
What is the exudative component of acute inflammation?
Vascular leakage of protein rich fluid
What is the neutrophil polymorph component of acute inflammation?
Cells type recruited to tissue
What are the 5 ways of characterising the appearance of acute inflammation?
- Rubor - redness
- Calor - heat
- Tumor - swelling
- Dolor - pain
- Loss of function
What are the 4 stages of neutrophil polymorph emigration in acute inflammation?
- Migration (margination) of neutrophils
- Adhesion of neutrophils
- Neutrophil emigration
- Diapedesis
What happens during the migration of neutrophils stage of neutrophil polymorph emigration in acute inflammation?
- Plasma viscosity increases
- Flow slows due to injury
- Neutrophils migrate to plasmatic zone
What happens during the adhesion of neutrophils stage of neutrophil polymorph emigration in acute inflammation?
Adhesion of the neutrophils to the vascular endothelium in the venules
What is the term for the adhesion of neutrophils to the vascular endothelium during the neutrophil polymorph migration stage of acute inflammation?
Pavementing
What happens during the neutrophil emigration stage of neutrophil polymorph emigration in acute inflammation?
Neutrophils pass through endothelial cells onto basal lamina and then the vessel wall
What happens during the diapedesis stage of neutrophil polymorph emigration in acute inflammation?
RBCs escape from vessels as a passive process; indicates severe vascular injury
What are the outcomes of acute inflammation?
- Resolution
- Suppuration
- Organisation
- Progression
Describe resolution as an outcome of acute inflammation
- Complete restoration of tissues to normal
- Minimal cell death
- Rapid destruction of causal agent
Describe supporation as an outcome of acute inflammation
- Formation of pus
- Becomes surrounded by pyogenic membrane (start of healing process)
- Leads to scarring
Describe organisation as an outcome of acute inflammation
- Replacement of granulation tissue
- New capillaries grow into inflammatory exudate
- Macrophages migrate
- Fibrosis occurs
Describe progression as an outcome of acute inflammation
- Causative agent agent not removed
- Progression to chronic inflammation
What are the 2 possible outcomes of healing?
- Resolution
- Repair
What circumstances lead to repair as an outcome of healing?
When resolution impossible
What are the cells involved in chronic inflammation?
- Lymphocytes
- Macrophages
- Plasma cells
What are the 2 major causes of chronic inflammation?
- Primary chronic Inflammation
- Transplant rejection
What are the 5 subtypes of primary chronic inflammation?
- Resistance of infective agent
- Endogenous materials
- Exogenous materials
- Autoimmune conditions
- Primary granulomatous diseases
Give examples of resistance of infective agent as a cause of primary chronic Inflammation
1.TB
2. Leprosy
Give examples of endogenous materials as a cause of primary chronic Inflammation
Necrotic tissue
Give examples of exogenous materials as a cause of primary chronic Inflammation
- Asbestos
- Silica
Give examples of autoimmune conditions as a cause of primary chronic Inflammation
- Hashimoto’s
- Rheumatoid arthirtis
Give examples of primary granulomatous diseases as a cause of primary chronic Inflammation
- Chron’s
- Sarcoidosis
State the macroscopic appearance of chronic inflammation
- Chronic ulcer
- Chronic abscess cavity
- Granulomatous inflammation
- Fibrosis
State the microscopic appearances of chronic inflammation
- Presence of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages
- Exudation NOT a common feature
- Evidence of continuing destruction
- Possible tissue necrosis
What is the function of B lymphocytes in chronic inflammation?
Transform into plasma cells and produce antibodies
What is the function of T lymphocytes in chronic inflammation?
Responsible for cell mediated immunity
What is the function of macrophages in chronic inflammation?
- Respond to chemotactic stimuli
- Produce cytokines
Which stain can be used to identify TB granulomas?
Ziehl-Neelsen stain
What does the presence of granulomas and eosinophil indicate?
Parasite
Define thrombosis
The solidification of blood contents that forms within the vascular system during life
Describe platelets
- Derived from megakaryocytes
- Contains alpha granules and dense granules
- When platelets activated, granules released when they come into contact with collagen
What is the function of alpha granules
Platelet adhesion
What is the function of dense granules
Platelet aggregation
What is the trigger for thrombosis formation?
First stage - platelet aggregation
Next stage - clotting cascade