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SJ Phase 2a > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the multi potential haematopoietic stem cell

A

Hemocytoblast

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2
Q

What do hemocytoblasts differentiate into?

A
  1. Common myeloid progenitor
  2. Common lymphoid progenitor
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3
Q

What do common myeloid progenitor differentiate into?

A
  1. Megakaryocyte
  2. Erythrocyte
  3. Mast cell
  4. Myeloblast
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4
Q

What can common lymphoid progenitor differentiate into?

A
  1. Natural killer cell (large granular lymphocyte)
  2. Small lymphocyte
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5
Q

What can myeloblast differentiate into?

A
  1. Basophil
  2. Neutrophil
  3. Eosinophil
  4. Monocyte
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6
Q

What can monocytes differentiate into?

A

Macrophage

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7
Q

What can small lymphocyte differentiate into?

A
  1. T lymphocyte
  2. B lymphocyte
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8
Q

What can B lymphocyte differentiate into?

A

Plasma cell

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9
Q

Where do all immune cells originate?

A

In the bone marrow

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10
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

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11
Q

Where are erythrocytes removed in the body?

A

spleen

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12
Q

Define innate immune response

A

Non specific defence system you are born with

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13
Q

Define adaptive immune response

A

Acquired defence system to combat pathogen growth

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14
Q

State the innate immune cells

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Macrophages
  3. Basophils
  4. Eosinophils
  5. Mast cells
  6. Natural killer cells
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15
Q

Describe neutrophils

A
  1. Innate
  2. Most abundant WBC
  3. Phagocytic
  4. Mainly involved in inflammation
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16
Q

Describe macrophages

A
  1. Innate
  2. Monocyte migration from blood to tissue leads to monocyte -> macrophage
  3. Phagocytotic
  4. Antigen presenting
  5. Cytokine secretion
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17
Q

Describe basophils

A
  1. Innate
  2. Allergic reactions
18
Q

Describe eosinophils

A
  1. Innate
  2. Parasitic infections
19
Q

Describe mast cells

A
  1. Innate
  2. Involved in anaphylaxis
  3. IgE binds to allergen which then binds to mast cells
  4. Triggers histamine release
20
Q

Describe natural killer cells

A
  1. Innate
  2. Release lytic granules that kill virus infected cells
21
Q

State the main antigen presenting cells (APCs)

A
  1. Dendritic cells
  2. Macrophages
  3. B cells
22
Q

Describe T helper cells

A
  1. Adaptive
  2. Can express CD4
  3. Helps activate B cells
  4. Helps activate cytotoxic T cells
23
Q

Describe cytotoxic T cells

A
  1. Adaptive
  2. Can express CD8
  3. Release perforin causing cells to lyse
24
Q

Describe B cells

A
  1. Adaptive
  2. Can express CD20 which is targeted way monoclonal antibodies
  3. Activated B cells become plasma cells that then produce antibodies
25
Q

Describe the function of antibodies

A
  1. Neutralise toxins
  2. Opsonisation of pathogens
  3. Destroy pathogens
26
Q

State the 5 antibodies

A
  1. IgA
  2. IgM
  3. IgG
  4. IgE
  5. IgD
27
Q

What is the function and features of IgA?

A
  1. Mucosal antibody as a dimer
  2. Present in colostrum and coats neonate gut
28
Q

What is the function and features of IgM?

A
  1. Pentameric
  2. Not entirely specific to antigen
  3. Highest capacity to activate complement
29
Q

What is the function and features of IgG?

A
  1. Most abundant in the blood
  2. Highly specific
  3. Important during secondary responses
  4. 4 subclasses
  5. Can cross placenta
30
Q

What is the function and features of IgE?

A
  1. Bound to mast cells and basophils by FCeR
  2. Allergy and helminth infection
  3. Least abundant in the blood
31
Q

What is the function and features of IgD?

A
  1. Not that important
  2. Function is debated
32
Q

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity?

A
  1. Type I - Anaphylactic
  2. Type II - Cell bound
  3. Type III - Immune complex
  4. Type IV - Delayed hypersensitivity
33
Q

State the mechanism for Type I hypersensitivity

A

Antigen reacts with IgE bound to mast cells

34
Q

Give examples of type I hypersensitivity

A
  1. Anaphylaxis
  2. Atopy (asthma, eczema, hayfever)
35
Q

State the mechanism for Type II hypersensitivity

A

IgG or IgM binds to antigen on cell surface

36
Q

Give examples of type II hypersensitivity

A
  1. Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
  2. Rheumatic fever
  3. Goodpasture’s syndrome
37
Q

State the mechanism for Type III hypersensitivity

A

Free antigen and antibody combine

38
Q

Give examples of type III hypersensitivity

A
  1. Systemic lupus erythematosus
  2. Post - streptococcal glomerulonephritis
39
Q

State the mechanism for type IV hypersensitivity

A

T- cell mediated

40
Q

Give examples of type IV hypersensitivity

A
  1. TB
  2. Graft vs host disease
  3. MS
  4. Guillain-Barre syndrome
41
Q

What are the 3 components involved in anaphylaxis

A
  1. IgE
  2. Basophils
  3. Histamine
42
Q

What is the treatment for anaphylaxis?

A
  1. ABCDE
  2. IM adrenaline
  3. IV fluids
  4. Chlorophenamine (antihistamine)
  5. Hydrocortisone

SJ Phase 2a (13 decks)

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