Cardio Flashcards
Describe the pathophysiology for IHD
- Damage to endothelial cells ->endo secretes chemoattractants -> leuko migrate and accumulate in intima
- Foam cells/macrophages/T-lymphs form fatty streaks -> foam cells rupture -> release lipids, smooth muscle cells migrate from media to intima -> dense fibrous camp with necrotic core formed
- Plaque = partial occlusion of lumen ->blood flow restricted -> ISCHEMIA
- Plaque rupture -> thrombus formed -> lumen fully occluded -> INFARCTION
Which arteries does atherogenesis affect most?
- Left Anterior Descending (LAD)
- Circumflex
- Right Coronary Artery (RCA)
State in ascending order of severity the consequences of IHD
- Angina
- Unstable angina
- Non ST Elevated Myocardial Infarct (NSTEMI)
- ST Elevated Myocardial Infarct (STEMI)
Define angina
Result of myocardial ischaemia where blood supply < metabolic demand
What is the difference a stable and unstable angina?
- STABLE
- Chest pain has trigger
- 1-5 mins
- Relieved by rest/ GTN spray (Glyceryl
Trinitrate)
- UNSTABLE
- Chest pain at rest
- > 20 mins
- No relief from rest or GTN spray
Define Prinzmetal’s angina
- Caused by coronary artery spasm
- Occurs at rest/night
Diagnosis of stable angina
- Radiation of pain
- Induced by exertion
- Relieved by rest/GTN spray
Diagnosis of unstable angina/NSTEMI/STEMI
- NSTEMI,STEMI
- Elevated troponin
- Elevated myoglobin
- Elevated CK levels
- STEMI
- ST elevation on ECG
Symptoms of IHD
- Chest pain
- Radiation
- Nausea, Sweating, Fatigue, Weak breathing (NSFW)
Diagnosis of IHD
- Resting and exercise ECG
- Bloods: HbA1c, FBC, cholesterol profile
- CT coronary angiography
- Bio markers: troponin, myoglobin, CK
Treatment of angina
- Statin: simvastatin
- Nitrate: GTN spray (abort attack)
- Dual antiplatelet: aspirin + clopidogrel
Treatment of unstable angina/NSTEMI
- B-blocker
- Morphine
- Oxygen
- Aspirin
- Nitrate
Treatment of acute STEMI
- If possible within 120 min of medical contact - Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
- If not possible: fibrinolysis
-alteplase
-streptokinase
State surgical interventions for IHD
- PCI
- Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)
- Preferred for diabetes and >65
Define heart failure
Inability of heart to deliver blood and oxygen at a rate in line with the requirements of the body
How does the body compensate for heart failure?
- Sympathetic system activation
- BP falls -> baroreceptors detect -> sympathetic activation -> +ve inotropic/chronotropic -> CO increases
- RAAS system
State aetiology of heart failure
- IHD
- Cardiomyopathy
- Valvular heart disease
- Hypertension
- Excess alcohol
State the different types of heart failure
- Systolic heart failure - inability of ventricle to contract properly
- Diastolic heart failure - inability of ventricle to relax and fill
State risk factors of heart failure
- > 65
- Male
- Obese
- MI history
- African descent
State signs and symptoms of heart failure
- Shortness of breath
- Orthopnea (difficulty breathing when laying)
- Fatigue
- Ankle swelling
- Pulmonary oedema (backflow from decreased CO; pink frothy sputum)
- Cold peripheries
Diagnosis of heart failure
- Blood test
- Brain Natrieuretic Peptide (BNP)
- ECG
- Transthoracic ECG
- Wall motion abnormalities
- Valvular disease
- Cardiomyopathies
- Chest X-ray
- Alveolar oedema
- B-lines
- Cardiomegaly
- Dilated upper lobe vessels
Treatment of heart failure
- ACUTE - OMFG
- Oxygen
- Morphine
- Furosemide
- GTN spray
- Chronic heart failure
- Lifestyle
- Avoid NSAIDs/verapamil
- Medical
- 1st line - RAMIPRIL (ACEi) + PROPANOLOL (beta blocker)
- Lifestyle
State the 3 types of Hypertension
- Stage 1 - >140/90 mmHg or ABPM > 135/85
- Stage 2 - >160/100 mmHg or ABPM 150/95
- Malignant - >180/110
Aetiology of hypertension
- Primary = unknown
- Secondary
-renal disease
-pregnancy
-endocrine disease