Neurology Flashcards
Define stroke
- Neurological deficit lasting > 24h
- Due to vascular compromise
Define Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)
- Neurological deficit lasting < 24h
- Due to vascular compromise
State and define the 2 main types of stroke
- Ischaemic
- Reduction in cerebral blood flow
- Due to arterial occlusion or stenosis
- Haemorrhagic
- Ruptured blood vessel
-> Reduced blood flow
- Ruptured blood vessel
State the 3 types of ischaemic stroke with aetiology
- Cardiac
- Atherosclerotic disease
- AF
- Vascular
- Aortic dissection
- Vertebral dissection
- Haematological
- antiphospholipid syndrome
- sickle cell disease
- Polycythaemia
State the 4 types of haemorrhagic stroke with aetiology
- Intracerebral
- Trauma
- Hypertension
- Cerebral amyloid
- Subarachnoid
- Trauma
- Berry aneurysm
- Atriovenous malformation
- Extradural
- A bleed but not classed as haemorrhagic stroke
- Subdural
- A bleed but not classed as haemorrhagic stroke
Clinical presentation of Anterior cerebral artery stroke
- Contralateral hemiparesis
- Sensory loss lower limb > upper limb
Clinical presentation of Middle cerebral artery stroke
- Contralateral hemiparesis
- Sensory loss with upper limbs > lower limbs
- Homonymous heminopia (2 right or 2 left halves of visual field)
- Aphasia (difficulty with language or speech) - if dominant hemisphere
- Hemineglect syndrome - if non-dominant hemisphere
Clinical presentation of Posterior cerebral artery stroke
- Contralateral homonymous heminopia (both outside or both inside visual field) + macular sparing (central visual field spared)
- Visual agnosia (inability to recognise objects despite seeing them)
Clinical presentation of vertebrobasilar artery stroke
- Cerebellar signs
- Reduced consciousness
- Quadriplegia or hemiplegia
Clinical presentation of Midbrain infarct stroke
- Oculomotor palsy
- Contralateral hemiplegia
Clinical presentation of posterior inferior cerebellar artery occlusion
- Ipsilateral facial loss of pain and temp
- Ipsilateral cerebellar signs
- Contralateral loss of pain + temp
Clinical presentation of retinal/opthalmic artery stroke
Amaurosis fugax - transient loss of vision
Clinical presentation of basilar artery stroke
‘locked in’ syndrome - fully paralysis except eye movement
Diagnosis of stroke
- Urgent CT/MRI
- Differentiate between haemorrhage and ischaemic
- ECG
- AF
- Bloods
- FBC = Rule out thrombocytopenia & polycythaemia
- Blood glucose = rule out hypoglycaemia
Treatment of ischaemic stroke
- Maximise reversible ischaemic tissue
- Hydration
- O2 > 95%
- If ischaemic -> proceed to THROMBOLYSIS
- THROMBOLYSIS
- up to 4.5h post onset of symptoms
- MUST CT TO RULE OUT HAEMORRHAGE or made worse
- Tissue plasminogen activator = IV ALTEPLASE
- Antiplatelet therapy = CLOPIDOGREL 2Hh AFTER THROMBOLYSIS
- CONTRAINDICATIONS
- Surgery in past 3 months
- Recent arterial puncture
- History of active malignancy
- Brain aneurysm
- Anticoagulant use
- Severe liver disease
- Acute pancreatitis
- Clotting disorder
- IF ONSET UNKOWN
-> thrombolysis not suitable
-> aspirin daily for 2 weeks then lifelong CLOPIDOGREL
Treatment of hemorrhagic stroke
- Frequent GCS (glasgow coma scale) monitoring
- Antiplatelets need to be contraindicated
- Anticoagulants reversed with BERIPLEX + Vit K
- Control hypertension
- Manual decompression of raised ICP and/or with diuretics = MANNITOL
- Surgery
Clinical presentation of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH)
- Sudden onset severe occipital headache
- kicked in the head description
- Vomit, collapse, seizure coma
- Neck stiffness
- Kernig sign = unable extend leg at knee when thigh flexed
- Brudzinski sign = neck flexed -> hips and knees get flexed too
- MUST be differentiated from migraine
- Short time to maximal headache intensity = SAH
Diagnosis of SAH
- CT head
- star shaped lesion
- Lumbar puncture
- IF CT normal but SAH suspected
- Xanthochromia (bilirubin in CSF) = SAH
- ABG
- Exclude hypoxia
Treatment of SAH
- Refer to neurosurgeon immediately
- Maintain cerebral perfusion + BP < 160mmHg
- Ca2+ blockers = reduce vasospasm
- IV/ORAL NIMODIPINE
- ENDOVASCULAR COILING - 1ST LINE
- Surgery
Clinical presentation of subdural haemorrhage (SDH)
- Interval between injury and symptoms
- Fluctuating consciousness
- Sleepiness
- Headache
- Personality change
- Signs of ICP
Diagnosis of SDH
- CT HEAD
- CRESCENT SHAPE = SDH
Clinical presentation of EDH
- Head injury
- Brief post trauma loss of consciousness
- Lucid interval before severe symptoms appear
- ICP symptoms
Diagnosis of EDH
- CT head
- Hyperdense haematoma
- Lense shaped
- Adjacent to skull
Treatment of SDH & EDH
- ABCDE management
- IV MANNITOL = reduce ICP
- Neurosurgery referral