Pathology Flashcards
Glomerular causes of haematuria
Glomerulonephritis
IgA nephropathy
Thin basement membrane disease
Alport’s syndrome
Extraglomerular causes of heamaturia
Benign malignant renal tumour Polycystic kidney disease Sickle cell Pyelonephritis Stones Renal papillary necrosis Trauma
Ureter causes of haematuria
Tumour Stones Ureteral stricture Infection Trauma
Bladder causes of haematuria
Benign or malignant tumour Stones Infection Chronic irritation Trauma
Prostatic causes of haematuria
BPH
PRostate cancer
Trauma
Urethra causes of haematuria
infection
Trauma
IS hypertension a manifestation or risk factor for kidney cancer
Both
-Kidney cancers can alter RaAS system and increase secretion of vasopressin by kidney cancer
Non-haematuria causes for red or brown urine
Haemolysis
Rhabdomyolysis
Food
Drugs (metranidazole, nitrofurantoin, rifampicin, doxorubicin)
Porphyria, tyrosinaemia
Urate crystals- concentrated urine in neonates
Investigations for haematuria
FBC, U&E, LfT, KFT
CXR
Urine analysis
Main radiological investigations for malignancy
IVU CT abdo and pelvis Bone scan Renal arteriogram MRI, venography FNAB (fine needle aspiration biopsy)
Risk factors for RCC
- SMoking
- HTN/obesity
- FH
- Analgesic nephropathy/ chronic renal failure/ tuberous sclerosis
- Exposure to asbestos/heavy metals/ oestrogen therapy
- Acquired cystic diseases of the kidneys
Where can tumours of the kidney originate from
Epithelial
Non epithelial
Embryonal tumours
What are the commonest types of renal adenocarcinomas
Clear cell renal carcinoma (most common)
Chromoforb renal cell carcinoma
Papillary renal cell carcinoma
What are the prognostic features of renal cell carcinomas
TNM staging Type of tumour Grade Extent of tumour involvement Renal vein involvement Adrenal glad involvement
treatment options for renal cell carcinoma
Nephrectomy
Thermal ablation
Immunotherapy
Molecular targeted therapy
