haematuria and renal imaging Flashcards
What is the imaging modality of choice for renal calculi
CTKUB as can be done quickly
When is ultrasound preferred for imaging
Younger patient who is a female in childbearing age as CT is radiation on the abdomen
When is a nephrostomy used
Temporarily drain hydronephrosis to help kidneys function properly
If pt has a renal calculus and develops sepsis, can put a nephrostomy there to drain the source of infection
Management of a small renal calculus
Pain relief for patine and advise to drink lots of water so it passes by itself
Risk factors for kidney stones
Low fluid intake
recurrent UTI
Hypercalciuria: high sodium intake, primary hyperparathyroidism, hypervitaminosis D, Cushings
Hyperoxaluria: high dietary oxalate (vegetarians)
What to do if someone presents with weight loss fatigue and haematuria
Bloods: FBC, U&E LFT CRP
Urine dup and send some for MC&S
referral for 2ww to urology if no evidence of UTI
Imagine: ultrasound first line
When to refer for suspected renal cancer
Unexplained visible haematuria without UTI
or
Visible haemaaturia that persists or recurs after successful treatment of UTI
If ultrasound is suspicious, what to do next
CT chest abdo and pelvis
Then biopsy
Signs of metastasis of RCC
Haemoptysis, bone pain
Risk factors for RCC
Smoking
Obesity
Hypertension
Dialysis related to cystic disease
What is cannonball metastases usually secondary to
Renal cell carcinoma
Choriocarcinoma
Risk factors for bladder cancer
Age
Smoking
Exposure to amines (paint, dye, metal petroleum, rubber, textiles)
Certain chemo agents
Management of bladder cancer
Depends on if invasive or non invasive
Surgical (cystectomy) and chemo/radio
