pathology

Question 1

Similar collections of microglia can be found congregating around and
phagocytosing injured neurons/ microglial cells eat injured neurons =

Answer 1

=neuronophagia

Question 2

Aggregates of elongated microglial cells at sites of tissue injury=

Answer 2

microglial nodules

Question 3

which cells are derived from the embryonic yolk sac and
function as the resident phagocytes of the CNS?

Answer 3

microglia

Question 4

Neural tube stays open; completely open brain and spinal cord?

Answer 4

Craniorachischisis

Question 5

Underdeveloped brain;open brain and lack of skull vault?

Answer 5

Anencephaly

Question 6

What is the most frequent type of CNS malformation?

Answer 6

Neural tube defect

Question 7

Administration of which type of vitamin decreases the risk of developing neural tube defects during pregnancy?

Answer 7

Folate; folate deficiency causes neural tube defects during the first trimester

Question 8

Meningocele belongs to which type of defect?

Answer 8

Spina bifida

Question 9

Mylomeningocele belongs to which type of defect?

Answer 9

Spina bifida

Question 10

Which type of defect ranges from asymptomatic bony defects consist of hair growth and disorganized segment of spinal cord associated with an overlying meninges out-pouching in the posterior end of the neural tube?

Answer 10

Spina bifida

Question 11

Which type of neural tube defect has an extension of CNS tissue through a defect in the vertebral column that occurs most commonly in the lumbosacral region
➢patients have
motor and sensory deficits in the lower extremities problems with bowel and bladder control.
Spinal nerves also herniate

Answer 11

Myelomeningocele

Question 12

What is the difference between meningocele and myelomeningocele?

Answer 12

In the meningocele there’s herniation of spinal fluid whereas in myelomeningocele there’s herniation of spinal nerves

Question 13

Malformation of the anterior end of the neural tube causes which type of neural tube defect?

Answer 13

Anencephaly : absence of the brain and the top of skull

Question 14

Which type of neural tube defect creates a sac lined by meninges to where the cerebellum and other tissues would be inside ?

Answer 14

Encephalocele

Question 15

Microencephaly is associated with which type of defect?

Answer 15

Forebrain malformation

Question 16

What is microencephaly and what is it caused by?

Answer 16

It is a small brain and it is caused by the mother smoking/drinking alcohol or decreased generation of neurons destined for the cerebral cortex

Question 17

What is megalencephaly and what type of defect is it?

Answer 17

It is a type of forebrain malformation

Characterized by excessive brain volume that is always associated with a large head

Question 18

Malformation of migration, which may cause neurons to end up in the wrong locations, belongs to which type of defect?

Answer 18

Forebrain malformation

Question 19

What is polymicrogyria?

Answer 19

increased number of irregularly formed gyri

E.g. movement neuron—> difficulty moving

Question 20

What is lissencephaly?

Answer 20

Complete loss of gyri

Question 21

What can Holoprosencephaly cause?

Answer 21

Arrhinencephaly

Question 22

What is Arrhinencephaly?

Answer 22

Absence of olfactory area

Question 23

Which type of migration malformation causes disruption of normal midline patterning mild forms in severe forms →absence of olfactory bulbs
the brain is not divided into hemispheres or lobes, there may be facial midline defects

Answer 23

Holoprosencephaly

Question 24

What are the types of malformation of migration?

Answer 24

1) Holoprosencephaly
2) lissencephaly
3) partial loss of gyri
4) polymicrogyria

Question 25

Posterior fossa anomalies is caused by what?

Answer 25

result in misplacement or absence of portions of the cerebellum

Question 26

What are the 3 types of posterior fossa anomalies?

Answer 26

1) Arnold malformation (Chiari type II malformation) 2) Chiari type I malformation 3) Dandy-Walker malformation

Question 27

Which type of posterior fossa anomalies is characterized by an enlarged posterior fossa, absence of the cerebellar vermis, and a large midline cyst

Answer 27

Dandy-walker malformation

Question 28

Which type of posterior fossa anomalies has low-lying cerebellar tonsils that extend through the foramen magnum—> tonsillitis herniation • Excess tissue in the foramen magnum → in partial obstruction of CSF flow →compression of the medulla • symptoms of headache or cranial nerve deficits often manifesting only in adult life

Answer 28

Chiari type 1 malformation

Question 29

Which type of posterior fossa anomalies has the following characteristics: • a small posterior fossa with a misshapen midline cerebellum • downward extension of the vermis through the foramen magnum; • hydrocephalus • lumbar myelomeningocele typically are present.

Answer 29

Arnold-chiari malformation (Chiari type II malformation)

Question 30

What is cerebral palsy and which type of injury is it?

Answer 30

Cerebral palsy is a motor deficit causes rigid extension of limbs It is a type of Perinatal brain injury

Question 31

What are two major types of injury that occur in the perinatal period which causes perinatal brain injury?

Answer 31

Hemorrhage—>dec of oxygen levels | Infarcts—> vein/artery blockage

Question 32

If the perinatal brain injury is severe enough to involve the gray matter and white matter →large cystic lesions can develop throughout the hemispheres—> gives the appearance of the brain as a sponge—> this is called?

Answer 32

Multicystic encephalopathy

Question 33

the loss of Nissl substances causes intense eosinophilia of the cytoplasm whic is called?

Answer 33

red neurons (neuronal injury)

Question 34

enlargement of the nucleolus happens in neuronal injury or axonal injury?

Answer 34

axonal injury | in neuronal injury, disappearance of nucleolus happens

Question 35

what is it called when there's gliosis and the reactive astrocytes shrink and it becomes more interwoven?

Answer 35

fibrillary astrocytes

Question 36

.................. are thick elongated eosinophilic protein aggregates found in chronic gliosis and in low-grade gliomas?

Answer 36

rosenthal fibers

Question 37

which type of edema results from the disruption of the normal blood-brain barrier where fluid shifts from vascular compartments into extracellular spaces of the brain?

Answer 37

vasogenic edema

Question 38

which type of edema results from increase in intracellular fluid due to exposure to toxins?

Answer 38

cytotoxic edema

Question 39

............... is known as the increase in the volume of CSF withthin the ventricular system

Answer 39

hydrocephalus

Question 40

which type of hydrocephalus causes the entire ventricular system to be enlarged?

Answer 40

communicating hydrocephalus | in non-communicating hydrocephalus, only a portion of the ventricles enlarge

Question 41

which herniation is caused by pushing of the cingulate gyrus which causes compression of the anterior cerebral artery?

Answer 41

subfalcine (cingulate) herniation

Question 42

which herniation is caused by pushing of the temporal lobe which causes compression of the posterior cerebral artery?

Answer 42

transtentorial (uncinate) herniation

Question 43

what happens when there's compression on the posterior cerebral artery?

Answer 43

ischemic injury primary visual cortex --> causing problems in eye sight

Question 44

Infection above the dura mater is known as?

Answer 44

Epidural abscess. Point of enters: sinuses Abscess: pus in small area

Question 45

Infection below the dura mater is known as?

Answer 45

Subdural Empyema. Point of entry: sinuses Empyema: abscess over a large area

Question 46

if the infection spreads into the underlying brain?

Answer 46

Meningoencephalitis

Question 47

What is the meningitis caused by a response to a nonbacterial irritant →debris from a ruptured epidermoid cyst

Answer 47

Chemical meningitis

Question 48

A carcinomatous meningitis is caused by

Answer 48

the spread of metastatic cancer cells (such as lymphoma and leukemia) to the subarachnoid space.

Question 49

Reduced glucose levels and elevated protein levels are in ………..infections?

Answer 49

Bacterial

Question 50

………. Toxin which is a fungi present on bread and invades blood vessel cell wall

Answer 50

Aspergillus fumigatus

Question 51

when the meningitis is fulminant(severe) --> the organism and the inflammatory cells may spread into the substance of the brain=..............

Answer 51

focal cereberitis

Question 52

what are examples of chronic meningitis?

Answer 52

``` tuberculous meningitis meningovascular neurosphyilis fungal meningitis spirochetal infections Tabes dorsalis ```

Question 53

which type of spirochetal infection is associated with damage to sensory nerves, charcot joints: loss of pain sensation leading to skin and joint damage, lightning pains, and Ataxia?

Answer 53

tabes dorsalis

Question 54

what is the most characteristic for viral encephalitis

Answer 54

neuronophagia