Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Med203 > pathology > Flashcards

pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Similar collections of microglia can be found congregating around and
phagocytosing injured neurons/ microglial cells eat injured neurons =

A

=neuronophagia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Aggregates of elongated microglial cells at sites of tissue injury=

A

microglial nodules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q 
which cells are derived from the embryonic yolk sac and
function as the resident phagocytes of the CNS?
A

microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Neural tube stays open; completely open brain and spinal cord?

A

Craniorachischisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Underdeveloped brain;open brain and lack of skull vault?

A

Anencephaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most frequent type of CNS malformation?

A

Neural tube defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Administration of which type of vitamin decreases the risk of developing neural tube defects during pregnancy?

A

Folate; folate deficiency causes neural tube defects during the first trimester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Meningocele belongs to which type of defect?

A

Spina bifida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mylomeningocele belongs to which type of defect?

A

Spina bifida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which type of defect ranges from asymptomatic bony defects consist of hair growth and disorganized segment of spinal cord associated with an overlying meninges out-pouching in the posterior end of the neural tube?

A

Spina bifida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which type of neural tube defect has an extension of CNS tissue through a defect in the vertebral column that occurs most commonly in the lumbosacral region
➢patients have
motor and sensory deficits in the lower extremities problems with bowel and bladder control.
Spinal nerves also herniate

A

Myelomeningocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the difference between meningocele and myelomeningocele?

A

In the meningocele there’s herniation of spinal fluid whereas in myelomeningocele there’s herniation of spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Malformation of the anterior end of the neural tube causes which type of neural tube defect?

A

Anencephaly : absence of the brain and the top of skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which type of neural tube defect creates a sac lined by meninges to where the cerebellum and other tissues would be inside ?

A

Encephalocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Microencephaly is associated with which type of defect?

A

Forebrain malformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is microencephaly and what is it caused by?

A

It is a small brain and it is caused by the mother smoking/drinking alcohol or decreased generation of neurons destined for the cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is megalencephaly and what type of defect is it?

A

It is a type of forebrain malformation

Characterized by excessive brain volume that is always associated with a large head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Malformation of migration, which may cause neurons to end up in the wrong locations, belongs to which type of defect?

A

Forebrain malformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is polymicrogyria?

A

increased number of irregularly formed gyri

E.g. movement neuron—> difficulty moving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is lissencephaly?

A

Complete loss of gyri

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What can Holoprosencephaly cause?

A

Arrhinencephaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Arrhinencephaly?

A

Absence of olfactory area

23
Q

Which type of migration malformation causes disruption of normal midline patterning mild forms in severe forms →absence of olfactory bulbs
the brain is not divided into hemispheres or lobes, there may be facial midline defects

A

Holoprosencephaly

24
Q

What are the types of malformation of migration?

A

1) Holoprosencephaly
2) lissencephaly
3) partial loss of gyri
4) polymicrogyria

25
Q

Posterior fossa anomalies is caused by what?

A

result in misplacement or absence of portions of the cerebellum

26
Q

What are the 3 types of posterior fossa anomalies?

A

1) Arnold malformation (Chiari type II malformation)
2) Chiari type I malformation
3) Dandy-Walker malformation

27
Q

Which type of posterior fossa anomalies is characterized by an enlarged posterior fossa, absence of the cerebellar vermis, and
a large midline cyst

A

Dandy-walker malformation

28
Q

Which type of posterior fossa anomalies has low-lying cerebellar tonsils that extend through the foramen magnum—> tonsillitis herniation
• Excess tissue in the foramen magnum
→ in partial obstruction of CSF flow →compression of the medulla
• symptoms of headache or cranial nerve deficits often manifesting only in adult life

A

Chiari type 1 malformation

29
Q

Which type of posterior fossa anomalies has the following characteristics:
• a small posterior fossa with a misshapen midline cerebellum
• downward extension of the vermis through the foramen magnum;
• hydrocephalus
• lumbar myelomeningocele typically are present.

A

Arnold-chiari malformation (Chiari type II malformation)

30
Q

What is cerebral palsy and which type of injury is it?

A

Cerebral palsy is a motor deficit causes rigid extension of limbs
It is a type of Perinatal brain injury

31
Q

What are two major types of injury that occur in the perinatal period which causes perinatal brain injury?

A

Hemorrhage—>dec of oxygen levels

Infarcts—> vein/artery blockage

32
Q

If the perinatal brain injury is severe enough to involve the gray matter and white matter →large cystic lesions can develop throughout the hemispheres—> gives the appearance of the brain as a sponge—> this is called?

A

Multicystic encephalopathy

33
Q

the loss of Nissl substances causes intense eosinophilia of the cytoplasm whic is called?

A

red neurons (neuronal injury)

34
Q

enlargement of the nucleolus happens in neuronal injury or axonal injury?

A

axonal injury

in neuronal injury, disappearance of nucleolus happens

35
Q

what is it called when there’s gliosis and the reactive astrocytes shrink and it becomes more interwoven?

A

fibrillary astrocytes

36
Q

……………… are thick elongated eosinophilic protein aggregates found in chronic gliosis and in low-grade gliomas?

A

rosenthal fibers

37
Q

which type of edema results from the disruption of the normal blood-brain barrier where fluid shifts from vascular compartments into extracellular spaces of the brain?

A

vasogenic edema

38
Q

which type of edema results from increase in intracellular fluid due to exposure to toxins?

A

cytotoxic edema

39
Q

…………… is known as the increase in the volume of CSF withthin the ventricular system

A

hydrocephalus

40
Q

which type of hydrocephalus causes the entire ventricular system to be enlarged?

A

communicating hydrocephalus

in non-communicating hydrocephalus, only a portion of the ventricles enlarge

41
Q

which herniation is caused by pushing of the cingulate gyrus which causes compression of the anterior cerebral artery?

A

subfalcine (cingulate) herniation

42
Q

which herniation is caused by pushing of the temporal lobe which causes compression of the posterior cerebral artery?

A

transtentorial (uncinate) herniation

43
Q

what happens when there’s compression on the posterior cerebral artery?

A

ischemic injury primary visual cortex –> causing problems in eye sight

44
Q

Infection above the dura mater is known as?

A

Epidural abscess.
Point of enters: sinuses
Abscess: pus in small area

45
Q

Infection below the dura mater is known as?

A

Subdural Empyema.
Point of entry: sinuses
Empyema: abscess over a large area

46
Q

if the infection spreads into the underlying brain?

A

Meningoencephalitis

47
Q

What is the meningitis caused by a response to a nonbacterial irritant →debris from a ruptured epidermoid cyst

A

Chemical meningitis

48
Q

A carcinomatous meningitis is caused by

A

the spread of metastatic cancer cells (such as lymphoma and leukemia) to the subarachnoid space.

49
Q

Reduced glucose levels and elevated protein levels are in ………..infections?

A

Bacterial

50
Q

………. Toxin which is a fungi present on bread and invades blood vessel cell wall

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

51
Q

when the meningitis is fulminant(severe) –> the organism and the inflammatory cells may spread into the substance of the brain=…………..

A

focal cereberitis

52
Q

what are examples of chronic meningitis?

A 
tuberculous meningitis
meningovascular neurosphyilis
fungal meningitis
spirochetal infections
Tabes dorsalis
53
Q

which type of spirochetal infection is associated with damage to sensory nerves,
charcot joints: loss of pain sensation leading to skin and joint damage,
lightning pains, and Ataxia?

A

tabes dorsalis

54
Q

what is the most characteristic for viral encephalitis

A

neuronophagia

Med203 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions